EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 4, No. 9, September 2019 Necessity of General-Purpose Operating Systems for Wearable Computing Environments HyunChul Joh, and JooYoung Lee banking, and leisure time. Abstract—The wearable technology is carefully expected as a Even now, smartphones are playing a role as a killer next generation business platform which can lead to changes application that has a huge impact on the world economy. from the smartphone-based hardware and software market. In However, the growth of the smartphone market is gradually this paper, we consider whether wearable computing slowing down due to the saturation of the global mobile environment with unlimited potential would require an operating system or not by comparing with other computing phone market from 2015 [4]. In Korea, an IT powerhouse, environment such as a general-purpose computer. In addition, the penetration rate of smartphones surpassed 50 million by a brief history of wearable technology and the necessity of 2018, one smartphone per citizen [5], there is a growing studying about operating systems for highly merged wearable need for the change from the smartphone-based hardware devices with software systems will be discussed. We also review and software business platform market to other future the features of existing operating systems in different profitable markets. In particular, due to the recent attempts computing environments and discuss the elements that a wearable operating system should have. by Chinese businesses at rapid and aggressive state-of-the- art technology acquisition and related market dominance Index Terms—Operating Systems, Smart Uniform, and price competitiveness [6], struggles, among the leading Wearable Computing. world class IT companies such as Samsung and Apple, are expected in the emerging smartphone markets where the market growth rate is still relatively high [7]. I. INTRODUCTION In recent years, the global market has been facing a With the advent of informatization based on electronic recession in many places amid the rumor of the 10-year systems and automated manufacturing system in 1969, financial crisis cycle [8]. In order to get out of this, we need IBM-compatible personal computers (PC) have been widely to develop an innovative business platform that is distributed to the general public since 1980, and a comparable to the smartphone market, which can create considerable part of their daily activities have been handled future jobs. In order to create various profitable future by computer-based systems. This has led to so-called the 3rd business sectors in the era of the 4th industrial revolution Industrial Revolution where the digital industrial revolution and to prevail core technologies of new markets, the current had been become advanced [1]. General-purpose computers smartphone market needs to be well managed continuously have moved from specialized tools for governments, as we do now. Further, we need to develop and find out an military and large corporates to generic tools for everyone. economic growth model based on BIMAC (Big data, IoT, Since the 1990s, the Internet has brought revolutionary Mobile, AI, and Cloud), and the new business platform and changes on every aspect, and accelerating for smartification market should have at least the equal impact power to the in all industries. Finally, with 2016 as a starting point, such smartphone’s one to make prosperity in our lives a move has laid as the foundation for the 4th Industrial continually. Revolution where online and offline are connected all The market for wearable devices is increasingly attracting together at any time in anywhere [2]. attention as a replacement for the smartphone market, which One of the reasons why we were able to accelerate the era has stagnated since the rapid growth period [9]. Typically, of the 4th Industrial Revolution was the emergence of wearable devices refer to miniaturized electronic products or smartphones in 2007 [3]. Apple has redefined the concept of computers designed to be removable or wearable on the smartphones by combining the idea of universal computer human body [18]. Within the range of wearable devices are with the existing "smartphone" at the time. Now, based on all wearable computers ranging from small wrist-worn the business platform built by the smartphone market, new devices to suitably bag-sized computers, and usually include IT technologies and services are spreading all over the world input devices such as head-worn display devices, wireless in such a short time that it cannot even compare with the communication hardware and touch pads. This combination past. A smartphone has created numerous markets and dramatically improves the user’s ability to perform tasks business sites. And it also dramatically has changed our such as aircraft and car inspections or navigation, without everyday life style, including education, working, shopping, the need to carry large manuals directly [10]. In many areas, wearable device can be used, such as field agents who need Published on September 12, 2019. to use hands freely, security guards and sentinel who need to HyunChul Joh is with the Department of Computer Engineering, identify the information of an object as soon as they see it Kyungil University, Gyeongsan City, Gyeongbuk 38428, South Korea (e- using augmented reality, users who wish to collect physical mail: [email protected]). JooYoung Lee is with the Department of Beauty Cosmetology (Fashion activity data and check any health issues after analysis, Design), Kyungil University, Gyeongsan City, Gyeongbuk 38428, South those who require improvement in physical performance for Korea. (e-mail: [email protected], corresponding author). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2019.4.9.1492 29 EJERS, European Journal of Engineering Research and Science Vol. 4, No. 9, September 2019 moving heavy loads without physical limitations. basic interactions, such as turning the power switch on and off, so that the system runs smoothly without an operating TABLE I: MAJOR OPERATING SYSTEMS system. OS Market Share (%) Table I shows the major operating systems in various Windows 87.92 computing environments. In general-purpose computers aDesktop MAC OSX 9.46 such as PCs and Macs, Windows, Linux and OSX account Linux 2.03 for the majority of the market. While Windows and Linux Android 70.12 can be installed on any computer that is an IBM compatible aSmart Phone iOS 28.53 PC, there is also a proprietary model which can be installed only on APPLE computers, such as OSX. Android 51.17 aTablet Smart phones and tablet PCs called hand-held computers, iOS 48.82 like general-purpose computers, require an operating system Cisco IOS 63.7 in order to manage system resources because application b Network Nokia SROS 15.1 programs are executed based on the Von Neumann Huawei VRP 9.6 architecture. Nearly 100% of the market is dominated by watchOS 16.2 two platforms, Google Android and Apple iOS. Like the cSmart Watch Wear OS 4.3 general-purpose computer, Apple has a policy that allows Android 6.4 iOS to be installed only on its smartphones. In 2011, major dVehicle MirrorLink, Android Auto, Apple CarPlay mobile-related vendors such as Samsung and Intel showed ahttps://netmarketshare.com/operating-system-market-share.aspx off Tizen, a Linux-based mobile operating system, but have bhttps://www.statista.com/statistics/503401/ethernet-switch-and-router- only a small market share. It tells us how important the market-share-by-vendor-in-india (India only) advantage of market preemption is. chttps://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS44000018 Routers and switches are core network equipment and dhttp://parksidemotors.ca/apple-carplay-vs-android-auto-vs-mirrorlink they are essential for data communication. The existing network market is dominated by large companies such as It is true that there are difficulties in product design due to Cisco, Juniper and Huawei. In order to operate the hardware various constraints of wearable technology - for example, equipment efficiently and to realize the best network primitive wearable friendly materials and hardware, environment, each company sells their products with each relatively short battery life, and small screen interface. company’s own operating system. However, recently, a However, the development and convergence of the IT criticism, for only specific vendors have decided the technology environments continues to prove that once direction of technology development, has been emerged and imagined, it will be realized. For this reason, it is believed white-box products, which include only hardware having no that the current limitations in realizing wearable technology software, are showing up. The consumers that purchased the would soon be realized since it has become the object of our white box equipment need to install a network operating imagination. system and adjust the software according to their working Meanwhile, an operating system is a computer system environment directly or indirectly. By doing so, the price of that manages resources such as CPU and memory network devices, which have been set high due to the pre- distribution required for an application program installed in installed software and the company logo before the market a given computer system, scheduling of tasks when multiple release, can be lowered. However, companies having no tasks are required, and it provides user-friendly environment ability to develop their own operating systems are likely to which is convenient, efficient, and stable for usage. Such an be provided by hardware vendors or using open operating operating system is one of the most important factors in all systems. computer systems, and computer systems can be divided Currently, a smart witch market, which has a relatively into hardware, operating system, application program, and lower entry barrier than any other wearable device markets, user [11]. Depending on the various ways of interacting with is leading the wearable market trend among the general the computer, the user’s requirements will be changed.