i COLONIAL LIFEIN CONRAD’S THE HEART OF DARKNESS AND FORSTER’S A PASSAGE TO INDIA (A COMPARATIVE STUDY BASED ON GENETIC STRUCTURALISM PERSPECTIVE) KEHIDUPAN KOLONIAL PADA KARYA CONRAD HEART OF DARKNESS DAN FORSTER A PASSAGE TO INDIA (KAJIAN PERBANDINGAN BERDASARKAN PERSPEKTIF STRUKTURALISME GENETIK) MUH FAUZI RAZAK P0600215014 ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY MAKASSAR 2017 i COLONIAL LIFEIN CONRAD’S THE HEART OF DARKNESS AND FORSTER’S A PASSAGE TO INDIA (A COMPARATIVE STUDY BASED ON GENETIC STRUCTURALISM PERSPECTIVE) Thesis As a partial fulfilment to achive Master Degree Program English Language Studies Arranged and submitted by MUH FAUZI RAZAK to ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY MAKASSAR 2017 ii iii PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN TESIS Yang Bertanda tangan di bawah ini Nama : MUH FAUZI RAZAK Nomor Mahasiswa : P0600215014 Program Studi : ELS Menyatakan dengan sebenarnya bahwa tesis yang saya tulis ini benar-benar merupakan hasi karya saya sendiri, bukan merupakan pengambilalihan tulisan atau pemikiran orang lain. Apabila di kemudian hari terbukti atau dapat dibuktikan bahwa sebagian atau keseluruhan tesis ini hasil karya orang lain, saya bersedia menerima sanksi atas perbuatan tersebut. Makassar, 22 November 2017 Yang menyatakan, Muh Fauzi Razak iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, the researcher would like to express greatest praise to the Almighty Allah SWT for the chances, the spirits, the health and the love that has been given in the whole path of the writer’s life and also for the guidance in finishing this thesis. The researcher sent greatest invocation to Prophet Muhammad SAW for becoming the most perfect person in this universe. The researcher would like to extend his grateful thanks to Prof. Drs. H. Burhanuddin Arafah, M.Hum, Ph.DandDr. H. Mustafa Makka, M.Sfor their valuable times, ideas, suggestions, corrections, critiques and guidance during the supervision. Furthermore, the researcher would like to thank to theexaminers team Dr. H. Fathu Rahman.M. Hum., Drs. Abidin Pammu. M.A., Dipl.TESOL., Dr. H. Sudarmin Harun. M. Hum., for their input and advices. The researcher also expresses sincere gratitude to Pak Muhtar and Pak Muhlar for their help in managing all formal deeds during his study and the last but not least, the researcher express his gratitude to Daeng Nai’ for his help in managing the administration process. Unlimited and unbounded thanks are dedicated to the researcher’s beloved parents, Dr. H. Mashur Razak. S.E., M.M and Hj.Harniati. S.E., for their advice, love, support, and pray. The researcher also whises to express his sincere thanks for his brother Muh Maula Razak. S.E for encouragement to finish this thesis. The researcher also would like to thank for his beloved wife Nur Sapta Riskiawati. S.S., M. Hum., for hersupport, helps, love, and pray during his study. The researcherwould like to express his appreciation to her closest friends, Firdaus Wahyudi, Arifuddin, and Sofyan Sukwara Akfan, for their v helps and friendship. Sincere thanks due to all friends of English Literature 2015 whose name cannot be mentioned one by one and without their help and kindness this thesis would not have been completed in due time Makassar, 19 Oktober 2017 The Writer vi vii viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Title Page ...................................................................................................... i APPROVAL SHEET ...................................................................................... ii Certificate of the Authorship ............................................................................ iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................ iv ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. viii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1 A. Background ..................................................................................... 1 B. Research Questions ........................................................................ 11 C. Objectives of the Research .............................................................. 11 D. Significance of the Research ........................................................... 11 E. Scope of the Research .................................................................... 12 F. Sequence of the Chapters ............................................................... 12 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................. 14 A. Previous Related Studies ................................................................. 14 B. Theoretical Background ................................................................... 18 1. Genetic Structuralism ................................................................. 18 2. Comparative Literature ............................................................... 21 3. The Intrinsic and Extrinsic Element in Literature ........................ 23 4. Colonialism ................................................................................ 25 5. The Characteristics of Colonialism ............................................. 27 6. The History of Belgian Colony in Congo ..................................... 31 7. The British “Raj” or Rule in India ................................................ 32 8. British Impact on Society and Culture in India ............................ 34 C. Conceptual Framework ................................................................. 37 ix CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................ 38 A. Type of Research ........................................................................... 38 B. Source of Data ............................................................................... 38 C. Method of Collecting Data .............................................................. 39 D. Method of Analyzing Data .............................................................. 40 CHAPTER IVFINDINGS AND DISCUSSION .................................................. 41 A. Findings ........................................................................................... 41 B. Discussion ...................................................................................... 67 CHAPTER VCONCLUSION ............................................................................ 75 A. Conclusion .......................................................................................... 75 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................. 77 APPENDICES 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter presents background, research questions, objective of the research, significance of the research, scope of research and sequence of chapters. A. Background The Industrial Revolution was a time of great age throughout the world. It represented major change from 1760 to the period 1820-1840.The movement originated in Great Britain and affected everything from industrial manufacturing processes to the daily life of the average citizen.The main industry at the time was the textile industry. It had the most employees, output value, and invested capital. It was the first to take on new modern production methods. The transition to machine power drastically increased productivity and efficiency. It started in Great Britain and soon expanded into Western Europe and to the United States. The actual effects of the revolution on different sections of society differed. They manifested themselves at different times. The ‘trickle down’ effect whereby the benefits of the revolution helped the lower classes did not happen until towards the 1830s and 1840s. Initially, machines like the Watt Steam Engine and the Spinning Jenny only benefited the rich industrialists. 2 The effects on the general population, when they did come, were major. Prior to the revolution, most cotton spinning was done with a wheel at home. These advances allowed families to increase their productivity and output. It gave them more disposable income and enabled them to facilitate the growth of a larger consumer goods market. The lower classes were able to spend. For the first time in history, the masses had a sustained growth in living standards. Yet, where people supposed to live being also a problem, Industrialists wanted more workers and the new technology largely confined itself to large factories in the cities. Thousands of people who lived in the countryside migrated to the cities permanently. It led to the growth of cities across the world, including London, Manchester, and Boston. The permanent shift from rural living to city living has endured to the present day. The effects caused by the industrial revolution which has mentioned above, can lead to another impact such as the emergence of where the industry must obtain the availability of raw materials, and the next impact is where the result of the raw material processessby the industry will be marketed. To resolve these two impact due to the industrial revolution then, the west began to invade a country which potentially has abundant of raw materials.By finding countries which has raw materials abundantly for industrial purposes, there was an intention to control the whole country and make it as a new source of raw materials as well to the British