THE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS Music Division - Recording Laboratory FOLK MUS IC OF THE UNITED STATES Issued from the Collections of the Archive of American Folk Song Long-Playing Record L33 SONGS OF THE MENOMINEE, MANDAN AND HIDATSA Recorded and Edited by Frances Densmore Preface The long-playing records of Indian songs, edited by Dro Frances Densmore, make available to students and scholars the hitherto inaccessible and extra"­ ordinarily valuable original recordings of Indian music which now form a part of the collections of the Archive of American Folk Song in the Library of Congress. The original recordings were made with portable cylinder equip­ ment in the field over a period of many years as part of Dr~ Densmore's re­ search for the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institutiono The recordings were subsequently transferred to the National Archives, and, finally, to the Library of Congress with a generous gift from Eleanor Steele Reese (Mrs. Eo P. Reese) which has made possible the dupJ.ication of the en­ tire 3,5911 cylinders to more permanent 16-inch acetate discs and the issu­ ance of selected recordings in the present form. The total collection is unique and constitutes one of the great recorded treasures of the American people. Dr. Frances Densmore of Red Wing, Minn., has devoted a rich lifetime to the preservation of Indian music. Her published works include volumes on Chippewa Music, Teton Sioux Music, Northern ~ MUSiC, Mandan and Hidatsa Certain of the cylinders transferred to the Library of Congress were made by other field collectors of the Smithsonian Institution; but the great bulk of them -- 2,385 to be exact -- were recorded by Dro Densmore, and these have been deSignated as the Smithsonian-Densmore Collection. Music, Papago Music, Pawnee Music, Yuman ~ Yaqui Music, Cheyenne ~ Arapaho Music, Choctaw Music, Music of the Indians of British Columbia, Nootka. and Quileute Music, Music of the TUle Indians of Panama, and other related subjects. Now, as a-f1tting-complement-ro these publica­ tions, Dr. Densmore has selected from the thousands of cylinders the most representative and most valid -- in terms of the sound quality of the original recordings -- songs of the different Indian tribes. With the recordings, she has also prepared accompanying texts and notes -­ such as those contained in this pamphlet -- which authentically explain the background and tribal use of the music for the interested student. This long-playing record, and the series of which it forms a part, is a valuable addition to the history, folklore, and musj.cology of our North American continent. Its value is increased for us ''lith the knowledge that much of the music bas, unfortunately, d:isappeared from the American scene. To Dr. Densmore; and other Smithsonian~collectors, as well as to the Indian s~ngerswho recorded for them, we must be grateful for rescuing this music fro~ total oblivion. DUNCAN EMRICH, Chief, Folklore Section. CONTENTS Page List of Songs 0 0 0 • • 0 0 0 0 • • • 0 • 0 0 • 0 • 0 0 (J 0 0. 0 0 3 Names of Singers and Number of Songs Recorded by Each • .0. 5 Introduction 0 • • 0 0 • 0 0 0 • 0 0 • 0 0 0 • • • 0 6 Side A -- Menominee Song of an Adopti on Dance 0 0 0 • • 0 0 • • e 0 o • 0. • 00. 1 Songs of Hunting and War Bundles 0 ~ 0 0 0 0 0 0 00.0. 0 0. • G • 7 Dream Songs 0 • 0 0 0 0 " 0 • 0 0 "0 0 0. 0 0. 0 0 0 0 0 ~ 8 Songs Used in the Treatment of the Sick o 0 e 000 0. I) 0. 0 0. 9 Songs of the Drum Religion 0 0 0 • • • o e I) 0. 0. 0. 0 11 Side B -- Menominee War Songs 0 0 " 0 • 0 .. 0 0 • 0 .0. • • 0 0 • • • 13 Songs Connected with a Legend • 000 00.. 0. e • ., • 0 14 Miscellaneous Songs • .. 0 • • o • 0 0. .0 • o 0 0. 0 0 14 Mandan and Hida tsa Song of the Goose Women Society • • • • 0 0 • 0 • • 0 • • 0 0 • • 16 Song in the Gardens 0 0 • 0 • 0 0 • • • • • • • • • 0 • 0 0 0 0 • 16 Song of the Eagle Catching Camp • 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 • 0 0 • 17 Song of tbe Dog Society • 0 0 0 • 0 0 0 • • • 0 0 0 • 0 17 War Songs 0 • 0 0 0 0 • • 0 0 • • • o • • ., 00. 17 2 List of Songs -- Menominee Record No. L33 Title Cat. No. Ser.2 No. SONG OF AN ADOPTION DANCE A1 "I Paint My Face Red ll 1585 8 SONGS OF HUNTING AND WAR BUNDLES A2 lIfe Slender-legged Animals" 1607 34 A3 " Will See a Bearll 1609 36 A4 War Bundle Song 1510 38 DREAM SONGS A5 Pigeon's Dream Song 1541 45 A6 Dream Song 1518 46 A7 Song of the Thunderers 1581 49 SONGS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF TEE SICK A8 Song of a Juggler 1591 62 A9 Healing Song from the Spirit Women 1569 61 A10 "lAm Rewarding You" 1528 12 All .liThe Reavens Help You" 1529 13 SONGS OF THE DRUM RELIGION A12 Song for Men Who Prepare the Drum 1545 90 A13 Song for East Stake of DrUm 1549 93 A14 Song for Wounded-leg Stake of Drum 1550 95 A15 Song for a Leader of tbe Ceremony 1552 91 WAR SONGS Ser.~No. B1 Pawakone's War Solig 1526 120 y Serial numbers rerer to the songs in Menominee Music, Bull., 102, ? I Bur. Amer. Ethno1. =u Serial numbers refer to songs in .Mandan and Hidatsa Music, Bull. 80, Bur.. Amer .. Ethnol. 3 List of Songs -- Menominee Record No. L33 Title Cat. No. Sere Noo B2 War Dance Song 1586 122 B3 liThe Queen of Englandn 1627 123 B4 Song Concerning a Captive Woman 1587 124 SONGS CONNECTED WITH A LEGEND B5 Manabus Invites the Ducks to a Dance 1643 83 B6 Manabus Tells the Ducks to Shut Their Eyes 1644 84 MISCELLANEOUS SONGS B7 Moccasin Game Song 1632 133 B8 Love Song 1631 136 List of Songs -- Mandan and Hidatsa B9 Song of the Goose Women Society 8ll 5 B10 Song in the Gardens 906 18 B11 Song of the Eagle catching Camp 822 20 B12 liThe Enemy Are Like Women II 863 68 B13 Old War Song 896 79 B14 Butterfly's War Song 8~ .· 88 B15 War Medic ine Song 891 80 4 Names of Singers and Number of Songs by Each Side A Side B Total MENOMINEE Pigeon 4 3 8 Ca 'Wni'pinas ,y 4 2 6 Amab 5 4 Peter Fish 2 2 Mocihat' 2 2 Agnes Sullivan 1 1 15 8 23 MANDAN AND HIDATSA Scattered Corn (Mandan) 1 Ben Benson (Mandan) 1 Wounded Face (Mandan) 1 Butterfly (Hidatsa) 2 Old Dog (Hidatsa) 1 Yellow Hair (Hidatsa) 1 Total 7 Vowels have the continental sounds. Consonants are pronounced as in English except that £. is pronounced like sh in shall. 5 SONGS OF THE MENOMINEE, MANDAN AND HIDATSA Collected and Edited by Frances Densmore INTRODUCTION Songs of the Menominee The Menominee is one of the few Indian tribes now living in the locality where they were first visited by white men, three centuries ago. The present home of this Algonquia.n tribe is in central Wisconsin, adjacent to that of the Chippewa. Throughout its history "this tribe has been kno.Wll for its friendship to the white man and its fidelity to its given word. II They had lithe reputation of being a peace..lovi..l'lg people, sloW to anger, but mighty warriors when roused to a just quarreL" They were friendly in their relations with the French, and it is estimated that they furnished about 150 men to the British in the Revolutionary War, they also joined the British in the war of 1812-1814 After this war they became loyal to the Government of the United States, and at the time of the Civil War considerable numbers of their young men fought in the armies of the Republic. It is said that in 1823 they were the only Indian tribe having a GoA.R o post. Their material culture and general customs are similar to those of the Chippewa. Their medicine lodge is practically the same as the Midewiwin (Grand Medicine Society) of the Chippewa. A meeting of this lodge was: attended and many of its songs were recorded but none are in the present series. Two ceremonies of the drum religion were also attended ana. their songs recorded. A special study was made of the treatment of the sick by means of magic and by the use of herbal remedies•. The study of Menominee music was made by the writer and its songs recorded in 1925, 1928 ~d 1929 in connection with her study of Indian music for the Bureau of American Ethnology of the Smithsonian Institution.21 Eleven singers recorded songs, six being included in their series. The number of songs transcribed . was 140, many other recordings being studied and their characteristics found to resemble those selected for trans­ cription. fj) Menominee MuSiC, Bull. 102, Bur. Amer. EthnoL 1932. 6 SONG OF AN ADOPTION DANCE An intimate phase of Indian l ife is shown in the Henoml.nee custom of adopting a person i nto a fami+y to take the place of a merriber of the family who has died. This may be done on t he day after a death but usually does not take place until some time after'·lard. 'l"'he custom was being observed when these songs were recorded in 1929Q Two forms of adoption dance were held by the Menominee, the more i mportant being received from the east god and the less important from t he south god.