Plant Resources of South-East Asia is a multivolume handbook that aims to summarize knowledge about useful plants for workers in education, research, extension and industry. The following institutions are responsible for the coor­ dination ofth e Prosea Programme and the Handbook: - Forest Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM), Karung Berkunci 201, Jalan FRIM Kepong, 52109 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia - Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Sasana Widya Sarwono, Jalan Gatot Subroto 10, Jakarta 12710, Indonesia - Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources (IEBR), Nghia Do, Tu Liem, Hanoi, Vietnam - Papua New Guinea University of Technology (UNITECH), Private Mail Bag, Lae, Papua New Guinea - Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Re­ search and Development (PCARRD), Los Banos, Laguna, the Philippines - Thailand Institute of Scientific and Technological Research (TISTR), 196 Phahonyothin Road, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand - Wageningen Agricultural University (WAU), Costerweg 50, 6701 BH Wa­ geningen, the Netherlands In addition to the financial support of the above-mentioned coordinating insti­ tutes, this book has been made possible through the general financial support to Prosea by: - the Finnish International Development Agency (FINNIDA) - the Netherlands Ministry ofAgriculture , Nature Management and Fisheries - the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Directorate-General for Inter­ national Cooperation (DGIS) - Tayasan Sarana Wanajaya', Indonesia Correct citation ofthi s publication: Grubben, G.J.H. & Soetjipto Partohardjono (Editors), 1996. Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 10. Cereals. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden. 199 pp. Correct citation ofarticle s from this publication: Author name, initials, 1996. Title of article. In: Grubben, G.J.H. & Soetjipto Partohardjono (Editors): Plant Resources of South-East Asia No 10. Cereals. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, pp........ Plant Resources of South-East Asia NolO Cereals G.J.H. Grubben and Soetjipto Partohardjono (Editors) Bogor Indonesia 1996 DR G.J.H. GRUBBEN graduated from Wageningen Agricultural University in 1964 (plant breeding). His first experience in the tropics was with rice breeding in Surinam (1961). He worked as horticulturist in Ivory Coast and Benin (1965-1973). In 1975 he got a PhD at Wageningen Agricultural University with a monograph on Amaranthus. He then worked as agronomist at the Royal Tropical Institute, Amsterdam (1975-1981) and performed consultancies in many countries. He became head of a research department at the Research Station for Arable Farming and Field Production of Vegetables (PAGV) in Lelystad, the Netherlands (1981-1987) and project leader of a research and de­ velopment project for vegetables in rice-based production systems in Indonesia (1987-1992). His present position is coordinator for international research at the Centre for Plant Breeding and Reproduction Research (CPRO-DLO), Wa­ geningen, the Netherlands. DR SOETJIPTO PARTOHARDJONO graduated from the Academy of Agriculture at Ciawi, Bogor, Indonesia in 1962, and completed in 1972 his study at Bogor Agricultural University. In 1990 he was awarded a PhD degree from the Facul­ ty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University in Sapporo, Japan. He was head of the Agronomy/Farming Systems Department of the Central Research Institute for Food Crops (CRIFC) in Bogor (1982-1994) and Network Coordinator of the UNDP/FAO Regional Cooperative Programme for Improvement of Food Legumes and Coarse Grains in Asia (1994-1995). He was a member of the Gov­ erning Board of the Asian Farming Systems Association (1991-1993) and now serves as a member of the Executive Board of the Indonesian Society of Agron­ omy. He published a number ofpaper s on rice and other food crops. He was edi­ tor of several CRIFC and AARD publications. Currently he is principle scien­ tist ofth e Central Research Institute for Food Crops, Bogor, Indonesia. ISBN 979-8316-00-2 (no.jil . lengkap) ISBN 979-8316-31-2 (jil. 10) Design: Frits Stoepman bNO. © Prosea Foundation, Bogor, Indonesia, 1996. This edition is available at a reduced price for developing countries exclusively from the Prosea Network in South-East Asia. For other countries this edition is distributed by Backhuys Publishers, P.O. Box 321,230 0 AH Leiden, the Netherlands. No part of this publication, apart from bibliographic data and brief quotations embodied in critical reviews, may be reproduced, re-recorded or published in any form including print, photocopy, microfilm, electric or electromagnetic record without written permission from the copyright holder, Prosea Founda­ tion, c/o Publication Office, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Nether­ lands. Printed in Indonesia. Contents Editors and contributors 8 Prosea Board of Trustees and Personnel 10 Foreword 12 1 Introduction 15 1.1 Definition and species diversity 15 1.1.1 Choice of species 15 1.1.2 Domestication 15 1.1.3 Geographic distribution 16 1.2 Role of cereals 17 1.2.1 Social and cultural aspects 11 1.2.2 Uses 18 1.2.3 Nutritional aspects 19 1.2.4 Economic aspects 21 1.3 Botany 28 1.3.1 Taxonomy 28 1.3.2 Morphology 28 1.3.3 Growth and development 32 1.4 Ecology 35 1.4.1 Climatic factors 36 1.4.2 Soil factors 39 1.5 Agronomy 39 1.5.1 Production systems 39 1.5.2 Planting 40 1.5.3 Husbandry 43 1.5.4 Crop protection 47 1.6 Harvesting and post-harvest handling 51 1.6.1 Harvesting and threshing 51 1.6.2 Drying and cleaning 52 1.6.3 Storage conditions 52 1.6.4 Post-harvest diseases and pests 53 1.7 Utilization and processing 53 1.7.1 Dry milling 53 1.7.2 Bread baking 54 1.7.3 Pasta and whole-grain foods 54 1.7.4 Breakfast cereals and porridge 55 1.7.5 Malting, brewing and distilling 55 1.7.6 Wet milling: starch and gluten 56 1.7.7 Animal feed and industrial uses 57 1.8 Genetic resources and breeding 58 1.8.1 Genetic resources 58 1.8.2 Breeding 59 1.9 Seed supply 63 1.9.1 Seed sources 63 1.9.2 Seed crop husbandry 64 1.9.3 Seed conditioning 64 1.9.4 Seed legislation 65 1.10 Pseudo-cereals 66 1.11 Cereal research in South-East Asia 67 1.11.1 International and national institutions 67 1.11.2 Special topics 68 1.12 Prospects 70 1.12.1 Consumption 70 1.12.2 Production and trade 70 1.12.3 Research priorities 71 2 Alphabetical treatment of species 73 Amaranthus :grai n amaranth 75 Chenopodium :grai n chenopod 79 Coix lacryma-jobi :Job' s tears 84 Echinochloa :barnyar d millet 87 Eleusine coracana cv. group Finger Millet : finger millet 90 Fagopyrum esculentum :buckwhea t 95 Hordeum vulgare :barle y 99 Oryza :oryz a 102 Oryza sativa :ric e 106 Panicum miliaceum cv. group Proso Millet :pros o millet 115 Pennisetum glaucum :pear l millet 119 Secale cereale : rye 123 Setaria italien cv. group Foxtail Millet foxtail millet 127 Sorghum bicolor sorghum 130 Triticum wheat 137 Zea mays maize 143 3 Minor cereals 150 4 Cereals with other primary use 157 Literature 158 Acknowledgments 169 Acronyms oforganization s 171 Glossary 173 Sources ofillustration s 184 Index ofscientifi c plant names 186 Index ofvernacula r plant names 192 The Prosea Foundation 195 Editors and contributors General editors of the Prosea Handbook P.C.M. Jansen, E. Westphal and N. Wulijarni-Soetjipto Editorial staff of this volume - Editors: G.J.H. Grubben and S. Partohardjono - Associate editors: P.C.M. Jansen (botanical aspects), J.S. Siemonsma and M. van Ginkel - Illustrator: P. Verheij-Hayes - Language corrector: J. Burrough-Boenisch Contributors - D.J. Andrews, Department of Agronomy, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68583,Unite d States (Pennisetum glaucum) - S. Ceccarelli, ICARDA, P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria (Hordeum vulgare) - T.T. Chang, Lane 131 Alley 13 No 2 F/2, Sha Lun Road, Tamshui, Taipei, Taiwan-251, R.O.C. (Oryza) - A. Darwinkel, PAGV, Edelhertweg 1, 8219 PH Lelystad, the Netherlands {Secale cereale) - S.K. De Datta, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1060 Lit­ ton Reaves Hall, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061-0334, United States {Oryza sativa) ~ S. Grando, ICARDA, P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria {Hordeum vulgare) - G.J.H. Grubben, CPRO-DLO, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands {Fagopyrum esculentum, Introduction) Z.Harahap , BORIF, Jalan Tentara Pelajar 3A,Bogo r 16111, Indonesia {Oryza) - N. Iamsupasit, Suphan Buri Field Crops Research Centre, Uthong District, Suphan Buri 72160, Thailand {Coix lacryma-jobi) - S.K. Jain, Department of Agronomy & Range Science, University of Califor­ nia, Davis, CA 95616-8515, United States (Amaranthus) - P.C.M. Jansen, Prosea Publication Office, Department of Plant Taxonomy, Wageningen Agricultural University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands {Echinochloa, Eleusine coracana cv. group Finger Millet, Panicum miliaceum cv. group Proso Millet, Setaria italica cv. group Foxtail Millet, Minor cereals) A. Koopmans, Dokter Breveestraat 13, 6862 DD Oosterbeek, the Nether­ lands {Zea mays) EDITORS AND CONTRIBUTORS 9 H.D. Mastebroek, CPRO-DLO, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands (Chenopodium) H.C. Ong, Department of Botany, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (Eleusine coracana cv. group Finger Millet) L.P.A. Oyen, Prosea Publication Office, Department of Agronomy, Wagenin­ gen Agricultural University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands (Pennisetum glaucum) M. Rahayu, Herbarium Bogoriense, P.O. Box 110, Bogor 16122, Indonesia (Setaria italica cv. group Foxtail Millet) J.S. Siemonsma, Prosea Publication Office, Department of Agronomy, Wa­ geningen Agricultural University, P.O. Box 341, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands {Chenopodium, Fagopyrum esculentum) Soetjipto Partohardjono, CRIFC, Jalan Merdeka 147, Bogor, Indonesia (Echinochloa, Introduction) J.W. Stenhouse, ICRISAT, Patancheru 502 324, Andhra Pradesh, India (Sorghum bicolor) Subandi, CRIFC, Jalan Merdeka 147, Bogor, Indonesia (Zea mays) H. Sutarno, Prosea Country Office, P.O. Box 234, Bogor 16122, Indonesia (Amaranthus) H.