Research Article Nutri Food Sci Int J Volume 7 Issue 1 - July 2018 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Adeoti Oluwole A DOI: 10.19080/NFSIJ.2018.07.555705 Protein Quality, Haematological and Histopathological Studies of Rats Fed with Maize-based Complementary Diet Enriched with Fermented and Germinated Moringa Oleifera Seed Flour Adeoti Oluwole A1,2*, Osundahunsi Oluwatooyin F2 and Salami Ayodeji A3 1Department of Food Science and Technology, The Oke-Ogun Polytechnic, Nigeria. 2Department of Food Science and Technology, The Federal University of Technology, Nigeria 3Histopathology Research Unit, University College Hospital Ibadan, Nigeria Submission: May 08, 2018; Published: July 17, 2018 *Corresponding author: Adeoti Oluwole A, Department of Food Science and Technology, The Oke-Ogun Polytechnic, Saki Oyo State, Nigeria, Email: Abstract This study is about the production of Maize-based complementary diet enriched with fermented and germinated moringa oleifera seed information on its protein quality and safety which is necessary prelude to trials on human subjects. This study hence reports a controlled feedingholds great trial promise involving in 30 alleviating weanling malnutrition wister rats housed so prominent in individual among standard Nigerian metabolic children lesscages than under five roomyears. temperature However, there condition. is scanty Following scientific a subsequent daily feeding of the rats for 28 days, the protein quality of the diet with the haematological and histological studies was conducted. 62.01Results to showed 89.01 %. that The the true diets protein had digestibilitya statistically and significant protein rating effect were on the 55.79 growth to 79.25 rate % on and the 35.42 test ratsto 48.61 when respectively. compared Thewith relative the control. weight The of organsprotein of quality the rats evaluation fed with theof the complementary diets showed dietsthat the showed protein that efficiency the weights ratio of rangedthe kidney from and 2.10 liver to 2.38ranged while from the 0.57 biological to 0.76g value and 2.87ranged to 3.60g from respectively. The growth performance of the rats fed with the formulated complementary diets showed that the formulated diets contributed to the growth status of the animals indicating that protein quality of the diets could support the growth and development of the infants. The haematological indices showed that the packed cell volume of the sample ranged from 36.67 to 40.67% and the red blood cell counts was 5.00 to 5.93 (×106 mm3). The white blood cell counts ranged from 3.47 to 3.98 (×103mm3) while the mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corspucularhaemoglobin concentration ranged from 10.04 to 11.71Pg and 33.10 to 33.45% respectively. Moreover, rat’s biopsy (histopathology) revealed no necrosis in the observed livers of the rats fed with the diets. Evidently, ogi-fermented moringa oleiefera seed complementary diet has no established detrimental effect and may therefore be safe for humans. Keyword: Abbreviations: Biological PTD: value; Protein Complementary True Digestibility; diet; PR: Haematological; Protein Rating; Histological; NPU: Net Protein Protein Utilizationquality NPR: Net Protein Retention; PCV: Packed Cell Volume Introduction Background and germination have the potential to enhance the nutrient bioavailability, nutrient density, food safety, storage stability, The end of the 20th century was marked by drastic increase palatability, and convenience of complementary foods suitable in the incidence of protein energy malnutrition, chemical for infant mixtures[2]. Fermentation and Germination of cereals are affordable and widely practiced processing establish the protein quality and safety of raw or processed hazards as well as other safety issues[1]. In a bid to significantly techniques in Africa[3]. Fermentation enhances the nutrient of food materials for human consumption, it is customary to foods through biosynthesis and bioavailability of vitamins and test same on animal models which could provide relevant essential amino acids, reduction of antinutrients, improving information. New complementary food meant toprovide nutritional support for improving growth and continued unlocks many nutrients which are in bound forms in the food, reduction in child mortality/morbidity are by no means an the protein quality and fibre digestibility [4,5]. Germination thereby increasing nutrient bio-availability, energy density exceptional. Food processing techniques such as fermentation and acceptability of the food [6]. Nutri Food Sci Int J 7(1): NFSIJ.MS.ID.555705 (2018) 001 Nutrition & Food Science International Journal As far as safety of complementary food is concerned, to thirty metabolic cages (i.e. individually caged) based on enlargement of the pancreas and inhibited growth of rats average weight equivalent of 59.10g. The weanling rats were fed sub-optimally processed soybeans foods and theobroma fed a standardised laboratory rat chow for an acclimatization cacao induced fetal malformation[7], hence preclinical period of ten days in a well-ventilated room at temperature experimentation using animal model is therefore in order. of 30± 40C and relative humidity of 60 %. Subsequently, the Ogazi et al.[8] in reporting the effects of ‘soya musa’ (an rats were re-wesighed into the individual cage each with extruded soybean-plantain baby food) on sixteen wistar rats mean weight differences of ± 0.20g. Each animal group (in observed that they had normal growth, packed cell volume individual cage) was fed the three test diets, control and the and white blood cell counts. In evaluating the biological effect basal diets respectively. Experimental and control diets were of a cassava-soy weaning food on rat organs (small intestine, prepared by incorporating the test diets and casein into the pancreas, liver and heart), Babajide et al.[9] observed no basal diet to achieve an isonitrogenous diet at 10% protein level. The rats were given the formulated diets and water ad- diets as compared with cerelac- a commercial weaning diet. libitum for 28days while unconsumed diets were collected significant difference in the organ weight of the rats fed the test Rats fed on extruded weaning foods based on peanut, maize and weighed daily. The animals were weighed twice in a week, and soybean were observed by Plahar et al.[10] to have between while their faeces and urine were collected and pooled for 60-100-fold increases in mean weight gain over the control.It each group. The collected feces and urine were analysed for was also reported that haemotological data of test animals crude protein using AOAC [12] method. At the end of the test showed normal values for white blood cell count, red blood period, the animals were terminated with chloroform and cell count, haemoglobin level and packed cell volume for all the blood samples were taken for haematological analysis while weaning food studied except the control. Moringa oleifera is an the kidney, liver, spleen and heart were quickly excised and underutilised plant and the whole seeds are highly restricted to eaten green, roasted or powdered and steamed in tea and (BV), protein true digestibility (PTD), net protein utilization weighed. The protein efficiency ratio (PER), biological value curries. The pods and seeds often referred to as Moringa kernels have a taste that ranges from sweet to bitter and are and protein rating (PR) were calculated according to the (NPU), net protein retention (NPR), food efficiency ratio (FER), most popularly consumed after frying to get a groundnut-like procedures ofOsundahunsi&Aworh [13] (Table 1 & 2). Table 1: The Composition of the Basal Diets. are good source of protein, vitamins, beta-carotene, amino taste. The seeds contain a profile of important minerals, and acids and various phenolics compounds. Information on the Samples Weight (g) possible safety or otherwise of a complementary food made Corn starch 600.5 Glucose 50 Sucrose 150 from ogi-moringa seed flour is virtually non-existence, hence of such products. Non-nutritive cellulose (wheat 50 the need to ascertain this in view of the likely potential benefit bran) Material and Methods Vegetable oil 97 Animal experimentation and ethical approval Mineral and vitamin premix 20 Feeding trials were carried out with male wister albino rats Oyster shell 10 using the method describe byGernah et al.[11]after the study Bone meal 20 was approved by the ethical review committee of the Federal Sodium chloride 2.5 University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. The thirty rats used were obtained from the rat house University 1000g of Ibadan, Oyo State Nigeria and they are randomly distributed Source: Osundahunsi&Aworh[13] Table 2: Composition of the Various Isonitrogenous Diets at 10% Protein Level. Protein Content Weight of Feed Weight of Basal Weight of Feed of the Feed as Final Protein Group Feed Mixture (g) Diet (g) Analysed (%) level (%) Y (g) X A 1 Casein 86.18 1000 883.96 116.04 10 2 ORM 15.26 1000 344.69 655.31 10 3 OFM 16.38 1000 389.49 610.5 10 4 OGM 16.58 1000 396.86 603.14 10 5 Basal - 1000 1000 - - ORM: Ogi-Raw moringa flour. OFM: Ogi-Fermented moringa flour. How to cite this article: Adeoti Oluwole A, Osundahunsi Oluwatooyin F, Salami Ayodeji A. Protein Quality, Haematological and Histopathological Studies 002 of Rats Fed with Maize-based Complementary Diet Enriched with Fermented and Germinated Moringa Oleifera Seed Flour. Nutri Food Sci Int J. 2018; 7(1): 555705. DOI: 10.19080/NFSIJ.2018.07.555705. Nutrition & Food Science International Journal OGM: Ogi-Germinated moringa flour. (ORM) to 980.00 g casein (CAS). The food intake of the animals fed with casein and cerelac were significantly higher however, Where: a = original protein content of the sample as analyzed rats fed with ogi-fermented moringa flour (OFM) and ogi- germinated moringa flour (OGM) were significantly higher X = Weight of sample required for the new feed mixture observed in the protein intake of the experimental animals. than the Ogi-raw moringa flour (ORM).