nutrients Volume 2 Clinical Evidence Diet and Metabolic Dysfunction Edited by Gaetano Santulli Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Nutrients www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients Diet and Metabolic Dysfunction Volume II: Clinical Evidence Special Issue Editor Gaetano Santulli Special Issue Editor Gaetano Santulli College of Physicians & Surgeons Columbia University Medical Center USA Editorial Office MDPI AG St. Alban-Anlage 66 Basel, Switzerland This edition is a reprint of the Special Issue published online in the open access journal Nutrients (ISSN 2072-6643) from 2015–2016 (available at: http://www.mdpi.com/journal/nutrients/special_issues/diet-metabolic- dysfunction). For citation purposes, cite each article independently as indicated on the article page online and as indicated below: Author 1; Author 2; Author 3 etc. Article title. Journal Name. Year. Article number/page range. ISBN 978-3-03842-320-1 (Pbk) Vol. 1-2 ISBN 978-3-03842-321-8 (PDF) Vol. 1-2 ISBN 978-3-03842-324-9 (Pbk) Vol. 2 ISBN 978-3-03842-325-6 (PDF) Vol. 2 Articles in this volume are Open Access and distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution license (CC BY), which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. The book taken as a whole is © 2017 MDPI, Basel, Switzerland, distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC BY-NC-ND) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Table of Contents About the Guest Editor .............................................................................................................................. vi Preface to “Diet and Metabolic Dysfunction” ......................................................................................... vii Section 1: Diet and Cardiovascular Risk Alice Ravera, Valentina Carubelli, Edoardo Sciatti, Ivano Bonadei, Elio Gorga, Dario Cani, Enrico Vizzardi, Marco Metra and Carlo Lombardi Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease: Finding the Perfect Recipe for Cardiovascular Health Reprinted from: Nutrients 2016, 8(6), 363; doi: 10.3390/nu8060363 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/6/363 ............................................................................................... 3 Daniel König, Denise Zdzieblik, Peter Deibert, Aloys Berg, Albert Gollhofer and Martin Büchert Internal Fat and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors Following a Meal-Replacement Regimen vs. Comprehensive Lifestyle Changes in Obese Subjects Reprinted from: Nutrients 2015, 7(12), 9825–9833; doi: 10.3390/nu7125500 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/12/5500 ........................................................................................... 30 Fang Sun, Shiqiang Xiong and Zhiming Zhu Dietary Capsaicin Protects Cardiometabolic Organs from Dysfunction Reprinted from: Nutrients 2016, 8(5), 174; doi: 10.3390/nu8050174 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/5/174 ............................................................................................... 39 Concha F. García-Prieto and María S. Fernández-Alfonso Caloric Restriction as a Strategy to Improve Vascular Dysfunction in Metabolic Disorders Reprinted from: Nutrients 2016, 8(6), 370; doi: 10.3390/nu8060370 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/6/370 ............................................................................................... 52 Jun Kobayashi, Kazuo Ohtake and Hiroyuki Uchida NO-Rich Diet for Lifestyle-Related Diseases Reprinted from: Nutrients 2015, 7(6), 4911–4937; doi: 10.3390/nu7064911 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/6/4911 ............................................................................................. 70 Section 2: Diet and Glucose Homeostasis Yiyi Zhang, Wen Liu, Dan Liu, Tieyun Zhao and Haoming Tian Efficacy of Aloe Vera Supplementation on Prediabetes and Early Non-Treated Diabetic Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials Reprinted from: Nutrients 2016, 8(7), 388; doi: 10.3390/nu8070388 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/7/388 ............................................................................................... 93 Rachel E. Clarke, Aimee L. Dordevic, Sih Min Tan, Lisa Ryan and Melinda T. Coughlan Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products and Risk Factors for Chronic Disease: A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials Reprinted from: Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 125; doi: 10.3390/nu8030125 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/3/125 ............................................................................................... 103 iii Ashley N. Ogawa-Wong, Marla J. Berry and Lucia A. Seale Selenium and Metabolic Disorders: An Emphasis on Type 2 Diabetes Risk Reprinted from: Nutrients 2016, 8(2), 80; doi: 10.3390/nu8020080 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/2/80 ................................................................................................. 129 Po Sing Leung The Potential Protective Action of Vitamin D in Hepatic Insulin Resistance and Pancreatic Islet Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Reprinted from: Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 147; doi: 10.3390/nu8030147 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/3/147 ............................................................................................... 148 Dara A. Al-Disi, Nasser M. Al-Daghri, Nasiruddin Khan, Assim A. Alfadda, Reem M. Sallam, Mohammed Alsaif, Shaun Sabico, Gyanendra Tripathi and Philip G. McTernan Postprandial Effect of a High-Fat Meal on Endotoxemia in Arab Women with and without Insulin- Resistance-Related Diseases Reprinted from: Nutrients 2015, 7(8), 6375–6389; doi: 10.3390/nu7085290 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/8/5290 ............................................................................................. 161 Antigoni Z. Lalia and Ian R. Lanza Insulin-Sensitizing Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Lost in Translation? Reprinted from: Nutrients 2016, 8(6), 329; doi: 10.3390/nu8060329 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/6/329 ............................................................................................... 172 Liyan Liu, Xinyang Wang, Ying Li and Changhao Sun Postprandial Differences in the Amino Acid and Biogenic Amines Profiles of Impaired Fasting Glucose Individuals after Intake of Highland Barley Reprinted from: Nutrients 2015, 7(7), 5556–5571; doi: 10.3390/nu7075238 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/7/5238 ............................................................................................. 196 Section 3: Diet and Genetic Background Wen-Xing Li, Shao-Xing Dai, Jun-Juan Zheng, Jia-Qian Liu and Jing-Fei Huang Homocysteine Metabolism Gene Polymorphisms (MTHFR C677T, MTHFR A1298C, MTR A2756G and MTRR A66G) Jointly Elevate the Risk of Folate Deficiency Reprinted from: Nutrients 2015, 7(8), 6670–6687; doi: 10.3390/nu7085303 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/8/5303 ............................................................................................. 211 Andreas Leiherer, Kathrin Stoemmer, Axel Muendlein, Christoph H. Saely, Elena Kinz, Eva M. Brandtner, Peter Fraunberger and Heinz Drexel* Quercetin Impacts Expression of Metabolism- and Obesity-Associated Genes in SGBS Adipocytes Reprinted from: Nutrients 2016, 8(5), 282; doi: 10.3390/nu8050282 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/5/282 ............................................................................................... 225 Section 4: Functional Role of the Intestinal Micobiota in Metabolic Disorders María E. Mejía-León and Ana M. Calderón de la Barca Diet, Microbiota and Immune System in Type 1 Diabetes Development and Evolution Reprinted from: Nutrients 2015, 7(11), 9171–9184; doi: 10.3390/nu7115461 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/11/5461 ........................................................................................... 239 iv Anni Woting and Michael Blaut The Intestinal Microbiota in Metabolic Disease Reprinted from: Nutrients 2016, 8(4), 202; doi: 10.3390/nu8040202 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/4/202 ............................................................................................... 253 Section 5: Nutrients and Oxidative Stress Yau-Jiunn Lee, Ming-Yang Wang, Mon-Chiou Lin and Ping-Ting Lin Associations between Vitamin B-12 Status and Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Diabetic Vegetarians and Omnivores Reprinted from: Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 118; doi: 10.3390/nu8030118 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/3/118 ............................................................................................... 275 Oluwafeyisetan O. Adebiyi, Olubunmi A. Adebiyi and Peter M. O. Owira Naringin Reverses Hepatocyte Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress Associated with HIV-1 Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors-Induced Metabolic Complications Reprinted from: Nutrients 2015, 7(12), 10352–10368; doi: 10.3390/nu7125540 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/7/12/5540 ........................................................................................... 285 Section 6: Diet, Dyslipidemia and Obesity Kyung Won Lee, Dayeon Shin and Won O. Song Low Urinary Iodine Concentrations Associated with Dyslipidemia in US Adults Reprinted from: Nutrients 2016, 8(3), 171; doi: 10.3390/nu8030171 http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/8/3/171 ............................................................................................... 305 Samuel Legeay, Marion Rodier, Laetitia Fillon, Sébastien Faure and Nicolas Clere Epigallocatechin Gallate: A Review of Its Beneficial Properties to Prevent Metabolic Syndrome Reprinted from: