Notes Introduction 1. StClair Drake, 'Negro Americans and the Africa Interest', in The American Negro Reference Book, ed. John P. Davis (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice­ Hall, 1966), 664. 2. George A. Shepperson, 'Notes on Negro American Influences on the Emer­ gence of African Nationalism', Journal of African History 1, no. 2 (1960): 299. 3. Nnamdi Azildwe, My Odyssey: An Autobiography (New York: Praeger, 1970), 196. 4. Mark Schorer, 'The Necessity of Myth', in Myth and Mythmaking, ed. Henry A. Murray (Boston: Beacon Press, 1968), 355. 5. For example, Andrew Lang analyzes myth's relationship to ritual and reli­ gion in his two volumes, Myth, Ritual and Religion (New York: AMS Press, 1968); Adrian Cunningham edited a volume which deals with myth and meaning, The Theory of Myth: Six Studies (London: Sheed and Ward, 1973); myth and culture are treated in Leszek Kolakowski, The Presence of Myth (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989); Stephen H. Daniel approaches myth in relation to modern philosophy in his work, Myth and Modem Philosophy (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1990); the relationship between myth and the modern human sciences is the subject of Joseph Mali's study, The Rehabilitation of Myth: Vico's 'New Science' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992). 6. The following is a sample of research dealing with various aspects of African-American and African relations: Adelaide Cromwell Hill and Martin Kilson, eds, Apropos of Africa: Sentiments of Negro American Leaders on Africa from the 1800's to the 1950's (London: Frank Cass, 1969). Bernard Magubane, The American Negro's Conception of Africa: A Study in the Ideology of Pride and Prejudice (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1967). Charles Alvis Bodie, 'The Images of Africa in the Black American Press, 1890-1930' (Ph.D. diss., Indiana University, 1975). Codjo Achode, 'The Negro Renaissance from America Back to Africa: A Study of the Harlem Renaissance as a Black and African Movement' (Ph.D. diss., University of Pennsylvania, 1986). Dennis Hickey and Kenneth C. Wylie, An Enchanting Darkness: The American Vision of Africa in the Twentieth Century (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1993). Donald Franklin Roth, '"Grace Not Race" Southern Negro Church Leaders, Black Identity, and Missions to West Africa, 1865-1919' (Ph.D. diss., University of Texas at Austin, 1975). Edwin S. Redkey, Black Exodus: Black Nation­ alist and Back-to-Africa Movements, 1890-1910 (New Haven: Yale Univer­ sity Press, 1969). Elliott P. Skinner, Afro-Americans and Africa: The Continuing Dialectic (New York: Columbia University Press, 1973). Felix N. Okoye, The American Image ofAfrica: Myth and Reality (Buffalo: Black Academy Press, 1971). Josephine Moraa Moikobu, Blood and Flesh: Black 182 Notes 183 American and African Identifications (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1981). Okon Edet Uya, ed., Black Brotherhood: Afro-Americans and Africa (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1971). Milfred C. Fierce, 'African­ American Interest in Africa and Interaction with West Africa: The Origins of the Pan-African Idea in the United States, 1900-1919' (Ph.D. diss., Columbia University, 1976). Pearl T. Robinson and Elliott P. Skinner, eds, Transformation and Resiliency in Africa as Seen by Afro-American Scholars (Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1983). Presence Africaine, Africa Seen by American Negroes (New York: Presence Africaine, 1958). Wilber Christian Harr, 'The Negro as an American Protestant Missionary in Africa' (Ph.D. diss., University of Chicago, 1945). William B. Helmreich, ed., Afro-Americans and Africa: Black Nationalism at the Crossroads (West­ port, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1977). William R. Scott, 'A Study of Afro­ American and Ethiopian Relations, 1896-1941' (Ph.D. diss., Princeton University, 1971). 7. George A. Shepperson, 'Notes on Negro American Influences', 299-312; 'External Factors in the Development of African Nationalism, with Par­ ticular Reference to British Central Africa', in African Politics and Society: Basic Issues and Problems of Government and Development, ed. Irving Leonard Markovitz (New York: Free Press, 1970), 179-98; 'Pan-Africanism and "Pan-Africanism": Some Historical Notes', Phylon 23, no. 4 (Winter 1962): 346-57; 'Abolitionism and African Political Thought', Transition 3, no. 12 (1964): 22-6; 'The African Abroad or the African Diaspora', paper presented at the International African History Conference, Tanzania, 1965. 8. George Shepperson and Thomas Price, Independent African: John Chilembwe and the Origins, Setting and Significance of the Nyasaland Native Rising in 19I5 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1958). 9. Edward H. Berman, 'Education in Africa and America: A History of the Phelps-Stokes Fund, 1911-1945' (Ed.D. diss., Columbia University, 1970). J. Ayodele Langley, Pan-Africanism and Nationalism in West Africa, 1900- 1945: A Study in Ideology and Social Classes (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978). John W. Cell, The Highest Stage of White Supremacy: The Origins of Segregation in South Africa and the American South (Cambridge: Cam­ bridge University Press, 1982). Kenneth James King, Pan-Africanism and Education: A Study of Race, Philanthropy and Education in the Southern States of America and East Africa (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971). 10. Probably the only exception is an unpublished paper by T. 0. Ranger, 'The Myth of the Afro-American in East-Central Africa, 1900-1939' (African Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, April 1971, mimeographed). 1 The Shape and Shaping of the African-American Myth 1. Kenneth King, 'Early Pan-African Politicians in East Africa', Mawazo 2, no. 1 (June 1969): 4. 2. In September 1921, Kamulegeya corresponded with participants of the Negro Farmers Conference held in Tuskegee and urged them to strengthen their ties with the Africans in Africa. Ibid., 5. 3. Quoted in Kings M. Phiri, 'Afro-American Influence in Colonial Malawi, 184 Notes 1891-1945: A Case Study of the Interaction between Africa and Africans of the Diaspora', in Global Dimensions of the African Diaspora, ed. Joseph E. Harris (Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1982), 261. 4. Quoted in Ibid., 262. 5. Stephen Ward Angell, Bishop Henry McNeal Turner and African-American Religion in the South (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1992), 225. 6. Joyce Cary, The Case For African Freedom and Other Writings on Africa (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1962), 20-1. 7. Kenneth King, 'Early Pan-African Politicians', 8. 8. Amy Jacques Garvey, Garvey and Garveyism (New York: Octagon Books, 1978), 273-4. 9. John Runcie, 'The Influence of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association in Sierra Leone', Africana Research Bulletin 12, no. 3. (June 1983): 10. 10. Tony Martin, Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1976), 116-17. 11. Quoted in Frederick German Detweiler, The Negro Press in the United States (College Park, Md.: McGrath Publishing, 1968), 16. 12. R. C. F. Maugham, British Consul-General in Dakar, Senegal, to George Curzon, Principal Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs of Great Britain, 17 August 1922, as published under the title, 'The Influence of Marcus Garvey on Africa', Science and Society 32, no. 1 (Winter 1968): 322. 13. George A. Shepperson, 'External Factors in the Development of African Nationalism, with Particular Reference to British Central Africa', in African Politics and Society: Basic Issues and Problems of Government and Devel­ opment, ed. Irving Leonard Markovitz (New York: Free Press, 1970), 196. 14. J. Mutero Chirenje, 'The Afro-American Factor in Southern African Ethi­ opianism, 1890-1906', in Profiles of Self-Determination: African Responses to European Colonialism in Southern Africa, 1652-Present, ed. David Chanaiwa (Northridge: California State University Foundation, 1976), 251. 15. Manning Marable, 'Ambiguous Legacy: Tuskegee's "Missionary" Impulse and Africa During the Moton Administration, 1915-1935', in Black Amer­ icans and the Missionary Movement in Africa, ed. Sylvia M. Jacobs (West­ port, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1982), 82. 16. Crisis, edited by W. E. B. DuBois, was the organ of the NAACP. King, 'Early Pan-African Politicians', 4, 6. 17. Quoted in Detweiler, The Negro Press, 16. 18. T. 0. Ranger, 'The Myth of the Afro-American in East-Central Africa, 1900-1939' (African Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, April 1971, mimeographed), 2. 19. 'Our Petition to Government', Sierra Leone Weekly News, 6 May 1939, 9. 20. Tom Mboya, 'Our Revolutionary Tradition: An African View', Current His­ tory (Dec. 1956): 346. 21. Ezekiel Mphahlele, B. Enwonwu and T. 0. Oruwariye, 'Comments on AMSAC Pan-Africanism Conference', in Readings in African Political Thought, ed. Gideon-Cyrus M. Mutiso and S. W. Rohio (London: Heinemann, 1975), 71. 22. 'The Position of the Negro in America by a Negro', Sierra Leone Weekly News, 12 May 1900, 4. Notes 185 23. 'West African Colonial Attitude Toward Americans', Lagos Weekly Record, 15 March 1913. 24. Quoted in W. C. Wilcox, 'John L. Dube: the Booker T. Washington of the Zulus', Missionary Review of the World 22, no. 12 (Dec. 1909): 916. 25. George Shepperson, Myth and Reality in Malawi (Evanston, Ill.: North­ western University Press, 1966), 9. It is interesting to note that African­ American missionaries did not share that opinion. The official publication of the black denomination, the National