The Resilience of Urban Design to Pluvial Flood Mohanad M. Abdulkareem Supervisors: Professor Hisham Elkadi and Dr. Nicholas Davies School of the Built Environment College of Science and Technology University of Salford, Salford, UK Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, January 2018 Table of content: Table of content:..........................................................................................................................i List of tables ............................................................................................................................ vii List of figures .......................................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgment ......................................................................................................................xi Abstract ................................................................................................................................... xii Chapter 1: Research Rationale ............................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction: ......................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Statement of the problem: why pluvial floods ..................................................................... 2 1.3 The research question ........................................................................................................... 3 1.4 Research aim and objectives ................................................................................................ 4 1.5 Research motivations ........................................................................................................... 5 1.6 Limitation of the research .................................................................................................... 7 1.7 Relevant findings and research contribution to the knowledge ............................................ 8 1.8 Gaps in the current knowledge ........................................................................................... 11 1.9 Methodology ...................................................................................................................... 14 1.10 Synopsis of the thesis ....................................................................................................... 19 Chapter 2: Critical review of the concept of resilience ....................................................... 22 2.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 22 2.2 Mapping the literature ........................................................................................................ 23 2.3 Resilience ........................................................................................................................... 25 2.4 Levels of resilience, from complex systems to simplified approaches .............................. 27 2.5 Resilience attributes ........................................................................................................... 28 2.5.1 Resilience perspectives ............................................................................................... 28 2.5.1.1 Engineering Resilience ........................................................................................ 29 2.5.1.2 Ecological Resilience ........................................................................................... 31 2.5.1.3 Evolutionary Resilience ....................................................................................... 33 2.5.1.4 Linking efforts of urban design and resilience perspectives ................................ 35 2.5.1.5 From eco-built resilience to future transformability (Evolutionary) ............................ 38 2.5.2 Types of resilience ...................................................................................................... 40 2.5.3 Domains of resilience ................................................................................................. 41 2.5.4 Resilience principles ................................................................................................... 44 2.5.4.1 Examining current approaches of resilience principles ....................................... 47 2.5.4.2 Coexistence of resilience principles in the literature ........................................... 48 2.5.4.2.1 Preparedness ................................................................................................. 48 2.5.4.2.2 Resourcefulness ............................................................................................ 49 i 2.5.4.2.3 Redundancy .................................................................................................. 49 2.5.4.2.4 Tolerance ...................................................................................................... 50 2.6 Resilience value of urban design ........................................................................................ 51 2.7 Measuring resilience .......................................................................................................... 54 2.8 Approaching resilience measurability in the research ........................................................ 59 2.9 Summary ............................................................................................................................ 60 Chapter 3: Urban-ecological paradigms, a cohesive physical approach. .......................... 61 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 61 3.2 Urban design within urban planning discipline .................................................................. 61 3.3 Urban Morphology ............................................................................................................. 62 3.4 Geomorphology .................................................................................................................. 65 3.5 Generated morphology ....................................................................................................... 66 3.6 The position of the research within spatial planning discipline ......................................... 67 3.7 Levels of intervention ......................................................................................................... 68 3.8 Scale of intervention ........................................................................................................... 69 3.9 The ecological dimension in urban discipline .................................................................... 70 3.9.1 Research position in urban ecology discipline ........................................................... 71 3.10 Floods ............................................................................................................................... 75 3.10.1Types of floods .......................................................................................................... 76 3.10.1.1 Pluvial floods ..................................................................................................... 77 3.10.2 Flood risk .................................................................................................................. 78 3.10.3 Flood parameters ...................................................................................................... 80 3.10.3.1 Surface runoff .................................................................................................... 80 3.10.3.2 Flood depth and velocity .................................................................................... 81 3.10.4 Flood management and urban design ....................................................................... 83 3.11 Summary .......................................................................................................................... 86 Chapter 4: Research methodology ........................................................................................ 87 4.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 87 4.2 Research philosophy .......................................................................................................... 87 4.2.1 Epistemology: ............................................................................................................. 87 4.2.2 Ontology ..................................................................................................................... 89 4.2.3 Axiology ..................................................................................................................... 90 4.3 Research approach .............................................................................................................. 91 4.3.1 Mixing strategy ........................................................................................................... 92 4.4 Research reasoning ............................................................................................................. 93 4.5 Research strategy................................................................................................................ 95 4.5.1 Case study design ......................................................................................................