‘SONGS OF THY TRIUMPH’ A SHORT HISTORY OF GUSTAVUS ADOLPHUS COLLEGE by Steve Waldhauser ’70 PART ONE: BEGINNINGS (1862–1890) In May of 1862, the congregation of Swedish Lutheran immigrants in Red Wing, Minn., appropriated 20 dollars so that their pastor, Eric Norelius, could equip their church for parochial school purposes. The other dozen congregations of the Minnesota Conference, part of the new Augustana Synod organized in 1860, were crying for trained pastors and teachers and, as Norelius was already influential among Swedish Lutherans in Minnesota, the conference now looked to him to instruct not only the children of his own congregation but also “older” students that other congregations might send to him. From that unlikely education experiment came Gustavus Adolphus College. The first “older” student at Norelius’s school was Jonas Magny (formerly Magnuson), a 20-year-old from the Chisago Lake Swedish community who arrived in Red Wing in late September 1862, joined the Norelius household, and was in fact the only student throughout the fall. Five students from the Carver congregation arrived in December after Norelius sent word to fellow pastors that “a school for Swedes” would open in the winter, and by the middle of January 1863, enrollment had reached 11 (not counting his own congregation’s children). The school was coeducational from the beginning, some 20 years before any other Augustana institution could be called the same. The school was a short-term project for Norelius, but it was successful enough that the Minnesota Conference was willing to adopt it. The conference voted to relocate the school in East Union, a rural settlement in Carver County, and referred the matter to the Augustana Synod, which already was supporting Augustana College and Theological Seminary in Chicago. The synod unanimously adopted a constitution for the new school outlining a “right relationship” to its namesake school and giving it its first name—Minnesota Elementar Skola (which, in the Swedish system, indicated a preparatory or secondary school). When it opened in the fall of 1863, the school occupied a small log church building that had been erected by the East Union congregation but never completed. During the first winter and spring, it provided little protection from cold and drafts. In 1865, when Scandinavian Lutherans were commemorating the 1,000th anniversary of the death of St. Ansgar, the “Apostle of the North,” the school’s name was changed to St. Ansgar’s Academy, and under that name it was incorporated. A campus of five acres, located a bit south of the church, was bought and presented to the school by some Scandinavian soldiers of Company H of the Ninth Regiment of the Minnesota Volunteers, and in 1866 the church building was partially torn down and rebuilt on the new land. The principal, or president, during all but one of the 13 so-called “Carver years” was the Rev. Andrew Jackson, who was also the chief—and often only—instructor as well as the treasurer, librarian, and janitor. (John Frodeen was named principal in 1873 but resigned a year later to return to school, forcing Jackson to return as acting head.) Tuition for students was five dollars each term. Progress was reported, but the school was slow to grow, and board and lodging were persistent problems for students. By 1872 the Minnesota Conference had appointed a committee, led by Eric Norelius and including his former student Jonas Magny, who was by then an ordained pastor, to consider an endowment fund for the academy; the committee’s report in February 1873 went beyond the endowment itself to note widespread dissatisfaction with the academy’s rural location. Norelius favored moving the academy to Minneapolis and secured promises of land and other donations from leading Minneapolis citizens. The conference accepted his plan in May of 1873, selected a new board of directors, and reincorporated the school as Gustavus Adolphus Literary and Theological Institute, in honor of Gustav II Adolf, the renowned Swedish king who created the gymnasia system of education that still exists in Sweden. But, due to the financial panic of 1873, anticipated donations did not materialize, and the conference was forced to postpone the move when it met in October. At that point, a delegation of five men from St. Peter approached the conference, asking on what terms their community might be selected as the new site. The leader of the delegation was Swedish immigrant Andrew Thorson of Scandian Grove, an adventurer in the California gold rush who was now settled as a farmer and the register of deeds in Nicollet County. The other four were all prominent business leaders in St. Peter—none of them Swedish or Lutheran. The conference responded that a successful bid would include a campus site and $10,000 for a building fund. The St. Peter delegation’s subsequent bid was the only one the conference received, and it was accepted in February of 1874. Thorson managed to obtain sufficient pledges from the membership of the Swedish Lutheran Church in St. Peter, from the 200 members of his own Scandian Grove Lutheran Church—a large part of that church’s $3,000 pledge coming from him and his brother-in-law, Andrew Nelson, a board member of St. Ansgar’s Academy since 1872 who later became treasurer of Gustavus—and from “Americans” (read that as non-Swedish citizens) in St. Peter. Ten acres of land on a mostly bare hillside on the west side of town had been donated for the campus, and a plan was submitted for a 60' x 90' three-story stone building (which some critics maintained was much too large and grandiose). Owing to construction disagreements and financial difficulties, the first academic term in the newly named Gustavus Adolphus College started a year late, on October 16, 1876, and even then the lecture rooms were not yet finished and the furnishings not in place. The building, which is now known as Old Main, housed up to 100 male students in 17 rooms on the top two floors, with library, lecture rooms, and professor’s office on the main floor and a dining hall, kitchen, and laundry in the basement. The school’s new head, the Rev. Jonas Nyquist, also lived in the basement with his family for a time. Norelius (who had been named president of the Augustana Synod in 1874), Nyquist, and Minnesota Conference leaders intended to make Gustavus Adolphus a college in fact as well as name as soon as circumstances permitted. But 1876 saw only 51 students and two instructors. Students who had been at St. Ansgar’s were placed in the second class and the rest into the first class. Eventually, three distinct classes evolved with the addition of some preparatory students: one class prepared for entrance to the synod-flagship Augustana College, one was a high school course that extended from November to March, and the remaining one was a “normal” course of four years for teachers. Christianity, Latin, German, and singing were conducted in Swedish, while mathematics and more practical subjects were conducted in English. Music proved popular; the first College band was organized in 1878 and embarked on its first tour in 1881— going by train and wagon back to East Union! 2 Nyquist had considered himself only a temporary leader but ended up remaining as president and teacher of the courses taught in Swedish for five years. Attendance exceeded 100 by 1880, when the Rev. Matthias Wahlstrom, a graduate of Augustana College who had attended and taught at St. Ansgar’s, joined the teaching staff, but the school was still experiencing financial instability. With voices within the conference again calling for a move to the Twin Cities, Nyquist tired of the struggle and announced his resignation. The school’s board recommended that Wahlstrom be elected president, and he took on those responsibilities in 1881 pending formal selection, which came at the conference meeting in February 1882. He immediately announced his intention to make Gustavus a “complete college.” The first freshman class was introduced in 1881–82 and the first sophomore class in 1885. The first junior class appeared in 1888, with eight men in that class going on to become seniors in 1889 and graduate with the College’s first bachelor’s degrees in 1890. One of those graduates, John A. Youngquist, returned to join the faculty in 1892 and remained with the College for 50 years. Wahlstrom also embarked on a building program and made faculty hiring a priority. Buildings were erected on either side of the “Main” building in 1884 (North and South halls) to be women’s residences, and the president and his father personally built a home for his own family (later known as the White House) in that same year. A gymnasium—about the size of a country railroad depot—was built in 1886, financed largely through student subscription. A home for the new and growing music and commercial programs was completed in 1887 between South Hall and Main, at a cost of $7,000. The larger part of the faculty in the 1880s had theological training, but Wahlstrom was also seeking college and university graduates. In 1882 he hired Jacob Uhler to teach mathematics and natural sciences; the “grand old man” would continue to teach—and live—on campus until 1937. Inez Rundstrom, Augustana College’s first woman graduate, was hired to teach French and mathematics in 1894 and remained on the faculty for 48 years. PART TWO: ‘GROWTH AND TRANSITION’ (1890–1913) Gustavus was still a very small college. The student body continued to grow, but space was cramped and financial support a constant struggle.