TAXON: Ehretia microphylla Lam. SCORE: 7.0 RATING: High Risk Taxon: Ehretia microphylla Lam. Family: Ehretiaceae Common Name(s): Fukien tea Synonym(s): Carmona microphylla (Lam.) G. Don Philippine tea Carmona retusa (Vahl) Masam. Cordia retusa Vahl Ehretia monopyrena Gottschling & Hilger Assessor: Chuck Chimera Status: Assessor Approved End Date: 16 Jul 2018 WRA Score: 7.0 Designation: H(HPWRA) Rating: High Risk Keywords: Shrub/Tree, Invasive, Tea Substitute, Thicket-Forming, Bird-Dispersed Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? 103 Does the species have weedy races? Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2-high) (See Appendix 2) High 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 n Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y=1, n=0 y subtropical climates Does the species have a history of repeated introductions 205 y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y outside its natural range? 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2), n= question 205 y 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) n 304 Environmental weed 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see Appendix 2) y 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 n 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems Creation Date: 16 Jul 2018 (Ehretia microphylla Lam.) Page 1 of 16 TAXON: Ehretia microphylla Lam. SCORE: 7.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer Option Answer 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone 410 conditions if not a volcanic island) 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs 504 y=1, n=0 n -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native 601 y=1, n=0 n habitat 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally 604 Self-compatible or apomictic 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants 701 y=1, n=-1 n growing in heavily trafficked areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 n 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 y 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 n 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 y 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 802 yr) 803 Well controlled by herbicides 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 y Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced 805 biocontrol agents) Creation Date: 16 Jul 2018 (Ehretia microphylla Lam.) Page 2 of 16 TAXON: Ehretia microphylla Lam. SCORE: 7.0 RATING: High Risk Supporting Data: Qsn # Question Answer 101 Is the species highly domesticated? n Source(s) Notes [No evidence of domestication] "Origin and geographic distribution de Padua, L.S., Bunyapraphatsara, N. & Lemmens, Carmona is a monotypic genus. The only species C. retusa is found R.H.M.J. (Eds.). 1999. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. from India eastward to southern China, Taiwan and Japan, and No 12(1). Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 1. Backhuys further south throughout Malesia to New Guinea and the Solomon Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands Islands. It is often grown as an ornamental." Ruengsawang, K., & Chantaranothai, P. (2010). A revision [No evidence of domestication] "Thailand.ͶAll provinces. of Boraginaceae subfamily Ehretioideae in Thailand. Thai Distribution.ͶIndia, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, Jorunal of Botany, 2(2), 113-125 China (Hainan, Kwangtung), Taiwan, Japan (Ryuku Island), Malesia." 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA 103 Does the species have weedy races? Source(s) Notes WRA Specialist. 2018. Personal Communication NA Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If 201 island is primarily wet habitat, then substitute "wet High tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" Source(s) Notes "Native Asia-Temperate CHINA: China [Guangdong (s.), Hainan] EASTERN ASIA: Japan, [Ryukyu Islands] Taiwan Asia-Tropical USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India, Sri Lanka 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online PAPUASIA: Indonesia, [Irian Jaya] Papua New Guinea, Solomon Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Islands [Accessed 15 Jul 2018] INDO-CHINA: Indochina, Myanmar, Thailand MALESIA: Indonesia, [Celebes, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Moluccas, Sumatra] Malaysia, Philippines Australasia AUSTRALIA: Australia [Queensland (n.)]" Creation Date: 16 Jul 2018 (Ehretia microphylla Lam.) Page 3 of 16 TAXON: Ehretia microphylla Lam. SCORE: 7.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer 202 Quality of climate match data High Source(s) Notes USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. [Accessed 15 Jul 2018] 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) n Source(s) Notes de Padua, L.S., Bunyapraphatsara, N. & Lemmens, "C. retusa is a rare or locally common species found in open, dry, R.H.M.J. (Eds.). 1999. Plant Resources of South-East Asia. sunny habitats, such as thickets, shrub vegetation and teak forest at No 12(1). Medicinal and Poisonous Plants 1. Backhuys low and moderate elevations." Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands Plants for a Future. (2018). Carmona retusa. https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Carmona "USDA hardiness: 10-12" +retusa. [Accessed ] Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or 204 y subtropical climates Source(s) Notes "Carmona retusa (scorpion bush, Philippine tea) was previously known from Kaua͚i and Maui (Lorence et al., 1995; Starr et al., 2003). This prolific shrub is now also known from Moloka͚i, where it is Starr, F., Starr, K. & Loope, L.L. 2006. New plant records widely naturalized in and near Kaunakakai. Material examined. from the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Museum MOLOKA͚I: Kaunakakai, Moloka͚i Shores, volunteering in hard-to- Occasional Papers 87: 31-43 reach places, widely cultivated and naturalized in this area, in association with Schefflera actinophylla and Washingtonia sp., 15 ft [5 m], 16 May 2005, Starr & Starr 050516-5." "Native Asia-Temperate CHINA: China [Guangdong (s.), Hainan] EASTERN ASIA: Japan, [Ryukyu Islands] Taiwan Asia-Tropical USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. INDIAN SUBCONTINENT: India, Sri Lanka 2018. National Plant Germplasm System [Online PAPUASIA: Indonesia, [Irian Jaya] Papua New Guinea, Solomon Database]. http://www.ars-grin.gov/npgs/index.html. Islands [Accessed 15 Jul 2018] INDO-CHINA: Indochina, Myanmar, Thailand MALESIA: Indonesia, [Celebes, Java, Lesser Sunda Islands, Moluccas, Sumatra] Malaysia, Philippines Australasia AUSTRALIA: Australia [Queensland (n.)]" "Previously reported from Kaua͚i and West Maui (Lorence et al., 1995), C. retusa is now also known from Hä͚iku, East Maui where it Starr, F., Starr, K.& Loope, L.L. 2003. New plant records can be found in lawns, along fences, and in hedges, often producing from the Hawaiian Archipelago. Bishop Museum a carpet of seedlings. Material examined: MAUI: E. Maui, Hä͚iku, Occasional Papers 74: 23-34 scattered over mostly urban areas along Hä͚iku Rd, 500 ft [152 m], 28 Nov 2000, Starr & Martz 001128-1." Creation Date: 16 Jul 2018 (Ehretia microphylla Lam.) Page 4 of 16 TAXON: Ehretia microphylla Lam. SCORE: 7.0 RATING: High Risk Qsn # Question Answer "This species is cultivated at least on Oahu and Kauai as a hedge plant. At the Kauai locality , Carmona retusa was collected in secondary vegetation of Syzygiwn, Psidium, Leucaena, and Melinis with forestry plantings. At the Maui site, collectors' notes indicate it is densely naturalized over several acres under kiawe (Prosopis pallida). The 2 described species of Carmona have recently been Lorence, D.H., Flynn, T.W. & Wagner, W.L. 1995. considered conspecific and treated as C. retusa (Thulin 1987: 413- Contributions to the flora of Hawai͚i. III. New additions, 17). This species has been identified as C. microphylla (Lam .) Don range extensions, and rediscoveries of flowering plants. [syn. Elzretia microphylla Lam.) in the archipelago ( SL John 1973: Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 41: 19-58 287). Its occurrence on Kauai represents a n ew naturalized record of Carmona Cav. in Hawaii." ͙"Material examined. KAUAI : Kawaihau District. Wailua House Lois by Nonou Forcs1 Reserve. 49- 213 m (160 -700 ft). 28 Jan 1991. T. Flynn & M. Egan 4390 (BISH. PTBG). MAUI : Wes1 Maui, lee side of Waihee Dunes. growing under kiawe forcs1. 19 Mar 1991. R. Hobdy 3286 (BISH. US)." Does the species have a history of repeated 205 y introductions outside its natural range? Source(s) Notes Wunderlin, R.