180 Chapter 10 Femtocell Network Synchronization Mohammad Hasan International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia Rashid A. Saeed International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia Aisha A. Hassan International Islamic University Malaysia, Malaysia ABSTRACT Presently, femtocell technology is emerging for cellular wireless networks, which have rapidly en- grossed the cellular industry. The main advantage of femtocell to the mobile operators is a reduction of cost and an improvement of the signal quality in indoor coverage, which is also considered a possible path to the Fixed–Mobile Convergence (FMC) goal. Femtocell extends network coverage and delivers high-quality mobile services inside residential and business buildings through broadband networks (i.e. ADSL). Femtocell Access Points (FAP) or Home Base Stations (HBS) are intended to serve small number of users (i.e. 4 users) and cover about 30-square meters, similar to existing WiFi access points. However, femtocell introduces new challenges to the telecom industries in terms of handoff between femto and microcells, interference management, localization, and synchronization. Among all of these challenges, synchronization is considered as the cornerstone for the femtocells to function properly. The problematic issue in femtocell synchronization is that all the data and control traffic travels through an IP broadband network. The IP broadband network is usually owned and managed by a third party and not by the mobile operator which can complicate the synchronization. Unsynchronized FAPs may cause harmful interference and wrong handover dictions. In this chapter, the authors investigate and overview the current femtocell synchronization techniques and make comparisons between them. Possible improvements and recommendations for each method have been identified. Future research areas and open issues are also discussed. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-0092-8.ch011 Copyright © 2012, IGI Global. Copying or distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI Global is prohibited. Femtocell Network Synchronization INTRODUCTION the intention of reducing the impact of secu- rity issue in public networks, it is possible to Nowadays, mobile operator’s principal thinking leave some of the synchronization messages is to save the cost by reducing the macro cell traf- unprotected. Prudence should be used on fic load and offloading it over public broadband the use of the IPSec and synchronization connections to the core network. Potentially this performance. technology reduces the cost and complexity of 2. Synchronization messages traversing the having to deploy higher-capacity links to the mac- Network Address Translation (NAT) func- rocell. Femtocell extends the network coverage tions need to be considered in order to and delivers high-quality mobile services inside guarantee a proper connectivity between residential and business buildings with a better the Clock Server and femtocell. cellular network coverage, and has since triggered 3. Scalability features for a large number of the design and development of new structured cel- femtocells, bandwidth consumption and the lular standards, such as, WiMAX (802.16e), the placement of clock servers are important as Third Generation Partnership Project’s (3GPP’s) the network architecture is developed. High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and LTE stan- 4. Employment of multicast technologies dards, and 3GPP2’s EVDO and UMB standards. currently being developed may present The communication link of the femtocell may be opportunities to reduce the bandwidth one of Wide Area Network (WAN) technologies, consumption of synchronization messages such as, Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line and to considerably increase the number of (ADSL) (WiMAX Forum, 2006), (Andersson femtocells a server can support. et al, 2002). Since a public network is used to 5. Features of using multicast and IPSec. establish the connectivity between femtocell and 6. Aspects involving the QoS treatment and core network elements, however, these present traffic management of synchronization a set of problems for operators. Due to a huge messages. number of possible target femtocell candidates for macrocell to femtocell handover, this situation The absence of time synchronization among needs a large neighbor list and communication with femtocells motivates the generation of the interfer- many femtocells for the pre-handover procedure. ence due to the uplink or downlink transmissions. Femtocell architecture is much more different than Considering the adoption of distributed techniques the existing cellular networks. for the time synchronization at frame level, there is Femtocells, similar to any other cellular tech- need to evaluate how the synchronization is related nology, require synchronization. Usually, three with the generated interfering power. When a Base types of synchronization may be required, namely, Station (BS) operates with Time Division Duplex frequency, time and phase. For instance, for the mode (TDD), a synchronization of the transmis- UMTS 3G/HSPA FDD type of deployments, a sion time at the BS is important to so as avoid frequency type of synchronization is required. inter-slot interference with adjacent BSs. Since To define the Network architecture and ap- femto BSs are generally located indoor, they may plication requirements, the synchronization will not receive the Global Positioning System (GPS) consider the following: signal which is used to synchronize the wireless cellular network. Today, it is strongly considered 1. The IPSec links are used in public networks as a practical solution which is required to secure which can degrade the transport of synchro- both the seamless indoor coverage and the high nization message and its performance. With network capacity. The emerging IMT-advanced 181 17 more pages are available in the full version of this document, which may be purchased using the "Add to Cart" button on the publisher's webpage: www.igi-global.com/chapter/femtocell-network-synchronization/61956 Related Content A Simulation Framework for the Evaluation of Frequency Reuse in LTE-A Systems Dimitrios Bilios, Christos Bouras, Georgios Diles, Vasileios Kokkinos, Andreas Papazois and Georgia Tseliou (2014). International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies (pp. 56-83). www.irma-international.org/article/a-simulation-framework-for-the-evaluation-of-frequency-reuse-in-lte-a-systems/115590 A QoS Guaranteed Call Admission Control (QOG-CAC) Algorithm for Broadband Networks Aminu Mohammed, Yese Orduen Solomon and Ibrahim Saidu (2019). International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies (pp. 46-63). www.irma-international.org/article/a-qos-guaranteed-call-admission-control-qog-cac-algorithm-for-broadband- networks/237191 Adaptive Scheduling for TCP-Fairness in Wireless Broadband Networks Balakrishnan K, Ritesh Kumar Kalle and Debabrata Das (2012). Wireless Multi-Access Environments and Quality of Service Provisioning: Solutions and Application (pp. 161-186). www.irma-international.org/chapter/adaptive-scheduling-tcp-fairness-wireless/61840 A Weighted Routing Scheme for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks Manish Kumar, Rajeev Tripathi and Sudarshan Tiwari (2015). International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies (pp. 1-14). www.irma-international.org/article/a-weighted-routing-scheme-for-industrial-wireless-sensor-networks/133995 Doubly Cognitive Architecture Based Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks Sumit Kumar, Deepti Singhal and Garimella Rama Murthy (2011). International Journal of Wireless Networks and Broadband Technologies (pp. 30-35). www.irma-international.org/article/doubly-cognitive-architecture-based-cognitive/55880.