11/1/2016 Topic 04 History of Plant Systematics & Classification I. Primer on Classification A. Definition ‐process of organizing thoughts and ideas about the world around us. I. Primer on Classification A. Definition ‐process of organizing thoughts and ideas about the world around us. B. Primary Operations 1. Grouping & Ranking 1 11/1/2016 Grouping results in a horizontal or coordinate arrangement of objects or organisms. AB B D D B A D A C C C D objects or organisms. B E A B E C D E Grouping results in a horizontal or coordinate arrangement of objects or organisms. AB B D D B A D A C C C D objects or B E organisms. A B E C D E Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E Groups of objects or organisms AB C D D E E B B D E A A A BB C C C DD E Grouping results in a horizontal or coordinate arrangement of objects or organisms. Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E AB C D D E E B B D E A A A B B C C C DD E groups have equal ranks or importance (e.g. species or genera, etc.) 2 11/1/2016 Ranking results in a vertical or hierarchical arrangement of those groups. Group A Group B Group C Group D Group E AB C D D E E B B D E A A A B B C C C DD E Genus 1 Genus 2 Genus 3 Family 1 Family 2 Order I. Primer on Classification A. Definition ‐process of organizing thoughts and ideas about the world around us. B. Primary Operations 1. Grouping & Ranking 2. Universally found ‐from folk taxonomies to scientific classifications I. Primer on Classification A. Definition ‐process of organizing thoughts and ideas about the world around us. B. Primary Operations 1. Grouping & Ranking 2. Universally Found C. Artificial vs. Natural Systems 3 11/1/2016 I. Primer on Classification A. Definition ‐process of organizing thoughts and ideas about the world around us. B. Primary Operations 1. Grouping & Ranking 2. Universally Found C. Artificial vs. Natural Systems 1. AS have little basis in reality I. Primer on Classification A. Definition ‐process of organizing thoughts and ideas about the world around us. B. Primary Operations 1. Grouping & Ranking 2. Universally Found C. Artificial vs. Natural Systems 1. AS have little basis in reality a. a priori decisions about which chars are used at 1st, 2nd, 3rd – order ranks, etc. e.g. the number of legs 4 11/1/2016 e.g. the number of legs Bipods Tripods Tetrapods I. Primer on Classification A. Definition ‐process of organizing thoughts and ideas about the world around us. B. Primary Operations 1. Grouping & Ranking 2. Universally Found C. Artificial vs. Natural Systems 1. AS have little basis in reality a. a priori decisions about which chars are used at 1st, 2nd, 3rd – order ranks, etc. b. Groups easy to recognize c. Little predictive power d. Of limited utility I. Primer on Classification A. Definition ‐process of organizing thoughts and ideas about the world around us. B. Primary Operations 1. Grouping & Ranking 2. Universally Found C. Artificial vs. Natural Systems 1. AS have little basis in reality 2. NS: meant to recognize “real” groups a. a posteriori reasoning 5 11/1/2016 Group A Group C Group B Group D I. Primer on Classification . 2. NS: meant to recognize “real” groups a. a posteriori reasoning b. Groups may be harder to recognize b/c no one character used to delimit each b. But have greater predictive power II. The Early Days A. Theophrastus (ca. 371‐287 BC) Given name: Tyrtamus Nicknames: ‘Theophrastus’ by Aristotle (theos, god, phrasis, declare or tell) ‘Father of Botany’ by Linnaeus 6 11/1/2016 II. The Early Days A. Theophrastus (ca. 371‐287 BC) Important Works: • De Historia Plantarum • De Causis Plantarum (only Latin translations remain) Characteristics: • Empirical approach to biology of plants • Primary subdivision based on habit • Subsidiary grps based on other chars • Fundamentally an AS. Significance: • First systematic treatment of plants II. The Early Days A. Theophrastus B. Herbalists 1. Herbals Characteristics: • Utilitarian compendiums of medicinal or useful plants where they grew, what they look like, and how to use them • Artificial systems (primary subdivisions based on habit or use) Significance: • Partial floras • Elements of modern floras: names of plants, where they grow, what they look like (incl. illustrations) II. The Early Days A. Theophrastus B. Herbalists 1. Herbals 2. Dioscorides (40‐90 AD) 7 11/1/2016 II. The Early Days A. Theophrastus B. Herbalists 1. Herbals 2. Dioscorides (40‐90 AD) Important Work: • De Materia Medica Characteristics: • Medicinal plants (ca. 600 spp) of Roman Empire • Used Theophrastus’s system Significance: • Partial Mediterranean flora • Promoted importance of knowing plants and their names • Elements of modern floras: names of plants, where they grow, what they look like (incl. illustrations) • Used ca. 1500 yrs De Materia Medica – Arabic translation from Spain (12-13th Century) Photo courtesy of PHGCOM. Dill (anti-gas, indigestion soother) Cumin (parasites) 8 11/1/2016 II. The Early Days A. Theophrastus B. Herbalists 1. Herbals 2. Dioscorides (40‐90 AD) 3. Others (15th‐17th century) Important Works: • Various Characteristics: • Utilitarian, partial floras. • Printed (printing press invented in 1440). Significance: • Renaissance in botany ushered in by Age of Exploration • Widely and more economically distributed. • Herbals were repository for this information. II. The Early Days A. Theophrastus B. Herbalists 1. Herbals 2. Dioscorides (40‐90 AD) 3. Others (15th‐17th century) 4. De La Cruz ( ? ‐ 1552 ‐ ?) Martin de la Cruz • Aztec physician/botanist in Mexico (Spain) Important Works: • Badianus Manuscript (translated from Nahuatl to Latin by Badiano) Characteristics: • 250 medicinal spp of Aztec (Nahua) • Rediscovered in Vatican library in 1929, returned by Pope John Paul II in 1990. Significance: • Earliest systematic record of Mexican (New World) flora, including Nahuatl names and uses. (Calliandra anomala; stalky cornsilk flower; Tlacoxiloxochitl) For persistent cough. -Drink juice of the root. -Mix some of juice with honey and smear on throat. -Fls of this plus water were said to improve eyesight and heal ulcers. 9 11/1/2016 (Mixture including Pinus sp.) For lightening strike. -Drink made from lvs of a pine and other species. (thistle, pepper) For “Black Blood” (depression). -Grind, cook in water. Add pearl, wolf’s liver and wine. Drink. Dance. (Urtica chichicaztli; water-nettle) For nose bleeds (Atzitzicaztli) -Grind juice w/ salt in urine, milk. -Pour into nose to stop flow of blood. 10 11/1/2016 III. Pre-Linnaean Taxonomists A. Caesalpino (1519‐1603) • Tuscany, Italy • ‘First Taxonomist’ Important Works: • De Plantis Libri • Herbaria (both personal and commissioned) Characteristics: • 1500 spp of Italy and region • Principal grps based on habit • Subsidiary groupings by fr, seed, & fl chars Significance: • Broke free of 1500 yrs of herbalism format • Natural subsidiary groups based on fr, seed, and fl chars • Created some of the earliest herbaria III. Pre-Linnaean Taxonomists B. Ray (1628‐1705) • British Important Works: • Synopsis Methodica Stirpium Brittannicarum • Historia Plantarum Characteristics: • First British flora • Classification of 18,000: Herbae Imperfectae (Free‐sporing “cryptogams”) Perfectae (Seed Plants) Monocotyledons Dicotyledons Arborae Monocotyledons Dicotyledons Significance: • Complex mix of artificial and natural groupings • First recognition of cryptogams vs. seed plants, monocots vs. dicots • First to define species (variation within interbreeding populations not worthy of species distinction) III. Pre-Linnaean Taxonomists C. Bauhin & Tournefort • French‐Swiss • French • (1560‐1624) • (1656‐1708) • Both contributed to establishing the genus concept 11 11/1/2016 III. Pre-Linnaean Taxonomists C. Bauhin & Tournefort • Pinax Theatri Botanici • Shortened polynomials, flirted with binomials for species • Listed synonymy III. Pre-Linnaean Taxonomists C. Bauhin & Tournefort • Institutiones Rei Herbariae • Very explicit about genus concept and descriptions IV. Linnaeus A. Carl von Linné (1707‐1778) • Sweden • aka Carolus Linnaeus • ‘Founder of Modern Taxonomy’ 12 11/1/2016 IV. Linnaeus A. Carl von Linné (1707‐1778) • Sweden • aka Carolus Linnaeus • ‘Founder of Modern Taxonomy’ Historical Context: • Much old disjunct info, • New info (Age of Exploration, Microscopy, Herbaria) • Potential to synthesize & disseminate (herbaria and printing) • Need for easy, rapid way to ID, classify, and communicate IV. Linnaeus A. Carl von Linné (1707‐1778) Important Works: Important Works: • Species Plantarum (May 1, 1753) • Systema Naturae (10th ed., 1758) 13 11/1/2016 IV. Linnaeus A. Carl von Linné (1707‐1778) Important Works: Characteristics • Species Plantarum (May 1, 1753) • Starting pt for modern bot nom • 5,490 names (he est. 10K spp) • Binomial Before: Plantago foliis ovato‐lanceolatis pubescentibus, spica cylindrica, scapo tereti After: Plantago media IV. Linnaeus Polynomial sp. epithet (for ease of reference) IV. Linnaeus A. Carl von Linné (1707‐1778) Important Works: Characteristics • Species Plantarum (May 1, 1753) • Starting pt for modern bot nom • 5,490 names (he est. 10K spp) • Binomial • Synonymy 14 11/1/2016 IV. Linnaeus Synonyms and source. IV. Linnaeus A. Carl von Linné (1707‐1778) Important Works: Characteristics • Species Plantarum (May 1, 1753) • Starting pt for modern bot nom • 5,490 names (he est. 10K spp) • Binomial • Synonymy • Nativity IV. Linnaeus Nativity 15 11/1/2016 IV. Linnaeus A. Carl von Linné (1707‐1778) Important Works: Characteristics • Species Plantarum (May 1, 1753) • Starting pt for modern bot nom • 5,490 names (he est. 10K spp) • Binomial • Synonymy • Nativity • Ca. 5,500 spp, ca. 1000 gen, into ca. 100 ord, 24 classes, 1 kingdom IV. Linnaeus A. Carl von Linné (1707‐1778) Important Works: Characteristics • Species Plantarum (May 1, 1753) • Starting pt for modern bot nom • 5,490 names (he est. 10K spp) • Binomial • Synonymy • Nativity • Ca. 5,500 spp, ca.