Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses Graduate School 1990 Military and Civilian Regimes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comparative Analysis of Public Policy Outputs and Outcomes. Iren Omo-bare Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses Recommended Citation Omo-bare, Iren, "Military and Civilian Regimes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Comparative Analysis of Public Policy Outputs and Outcomes." (1990). LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses. 5085. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_disstheses/5085 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Historical Dissertations and Theses by an authorized administrator of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 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Ann Arbor, MI 48106 MILITARY AND CIVILIAN REGIMES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PUBLIC POLICY OUTPUTS AND OUTCOMES A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in The Department of Political Science by Iren Omo-Bare B.A. , University of Delaware, 1983 M.A., University of Delaware, 1985 December 1990 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My thanks must go to Professors E. Rambn Arango, Lawrence Falkowski and Michael D. Grimes for their useful comments. I also wish to thank Professor James C. Garand. I could not have worked with an advisor more proficient at incorporating the special features of my research into this study. I am especially grateful to Professor Cecil V. Crabb, Jr. for the patience he demonstrated in taking valuable time away from his busy schedule to go through several drafts of all the chapters in this study. I found his comments and criticisms enormously helpful. Special recognition is deserved by my family, including my parents, my wife and sons whose support and encouragement made this work possible. Iren Omo-Bare Baton Rouge, Louisiana TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................... i i LIST OF T A B L E S ............. vi ABSTRACT ................................ ........................ viii INTRODUCTION ........................................................ x Chapter One: MILITARY COUPS AND REGIME CHANGE IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA 1 Introduction: Independent Africa .............................. 1 The Military Intervenes ......................................... 4 Explaining Military Interventions .... ...................... 9 Political Factors Affecting Military Intervention ........... 9 Failed Civilian Leadership ............... 9 Inadequacy and Weakness of Existing Political Institutions . 10 Inability of Existing Regime to Gain Legitimacy ............. 14 Economic Factors Affecting Military Intervention ........... 15 Military Factors Affecting Military Intervention ........... 16 Military Coups and Cultural Pluralism ........................ 18 Personal Factors Affecting Military Intervention ........... 19 Foreign Factors Affecting Military Intervention ............. 20 Regime Type and Public Policy: State of the Literature .... 23 The Military as a Progressive F o r c e ........................... 24 The Military as a Conservative Force ............................ 27 Regime Type Makes no Difference ................................ 35 Conclusion: Some Critical Observations ....................... 36 Endnotes .......................................................... 44 Chapter Two: REGIME TYPE: PERFORMANCE EXPECTATIONS, HYPOTHESES AND METHODOLOGY 45 Precolonial and Colonial Traditions .... ................... 45 African Political Systems: A Typology .......................... 50 African Regime Types: Performance Expectations ............... 56 Civilian Regime: Multiparty System (Democracy) ....... 57 Civilian Regime: One-Party System . ......................... 61 Civilian Regimes: Dynasties or Monarchies ................. 63 Military Regimes ...... ............................ • • 65 Some Consequences of Regime Type on Public Policy ....... 74 Policy Outputs ................................................ 74 Policy Outcomes .................................. 76 Data and M e t h o d s .................................................. 77 Relevant Countries ........................................... 81 Policy Areas .................................................. 84 Regime Evaluation . ......................................... 86 C o n clusion........................................................ 87 E n d n o t e s .......................................................... 88 i i i Chapter Three: REGIME PERFORMANCE: A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS . 89 Methodological Considerations .................................. 90 Research Design ................................................ 91 Data and Operationalization of C o n c e p t s ................ 94 Policy Outputs ......................................... 95 Policy Outcomes ............................................... 96 Statistical Model: Multiple Interrupted Time Series (MITS) . 96 Model Estimation ........................................... 98 Some Results from "Simple Country" and "Pooled” Analyses .... 101 Results of the Time Series A n a l y s i s ............................ 109 Health (PHEALTH) and Education (PEDUC) . ................ 114 Defense Spending (PDEFEN) ..................................... 119 Manufacturing (PMAN) and Agriculture (PAGRIC) ............... 185 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) ................................ 187 Summary and Conclusion ........................................... 189 Endnotes ....................................... 134 Chapter Four: REGIME TYPE AND THE ECONOMY: AGRICULTURAL POLICY IN GHANA ............................................................ 135 Historical Background ........................................... 135 Agricultural Policy ............................................. 146 Agriculture Under Colonial Rule .............................. 146 Agricultural Policy Under the Nkrumah Administration (1957- 1966) . 148 Agricultural Policy Under the NLC (1966-1969) ................. 158 Agricultural Policy Under the Busia Administration (1969-1971) 161 Agricultural Policy Under the NRC/SMC (1978-1979) ............. 164 Agricultural Policy Under the Limann Administration <1979- 1981) . 170 Agricultural Policy Under the PNDC ............................ 178 C o nclusion ........................................................ 177 E n d n o t e s .......................................................... 183 Chapter Five: REGIME TYPE AND FOREIGN POLICY BEHAVIOR IN LIBERIA, 1945-1985 ........................................................ 183 Historical Background: Important Domestic Developments .... 184 Liberian Foreign Policy ..................................... 198 Historical Background (1847-1944) ............................ 198 Foreign Policy During the Tubman Era, 1944-1971 ............... 195 Liberian-U.S. Relations During the Tubman Era ............... 196 Liberia and the Rest of Africa During the Tubman Era .... 198 Foreign Trade and Economic Policies During the Tubman Era . 808 Foreign Policy Under the Tolbert Administration ................ 807 Liberia-U.S. Relations, 1971-1980 ............................ 208 Liberia and the Rest of Africa During the Tolbert Administration ............................................. 811 Foreign Trade and Economic Policies, 1971-1980 ............ 813 Foreign Policy Under Military Rule ............................... 216 Liberia