ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Studia Numismatica Upsaliensia 6:1 STUDIA NUMISMATICA UPSALIENSIA 6:1 The Coinage of Akragas c. 510–406 BC Text and Plates ULLA WESTERMARK I STUDIA NUMISMATICA UPSALIENSIA Editors: Harald Nilsson, Hendrik Mäkeler and Ragnar Hedlund 1. Uppsala University Coin Cabinet. Anglo-Saxon and later British Coins. By Elsa Lindberger. 2006. 2. Münzkabinett der Universität Uppsala. Deutsche Münzen der Wikingerzeit sowie des hohen und späten Mittelalters. By Peter Berghaus and Hendrik Mäkeler. 2006. 3. Uppsala universitets myntkabinett. Svenska vikingatida och medeltida mynt präglade på fastlandet. By Jonas Rundberg and Kjell Holmberg. 2008. 4. Opus mixtum. Uppsatser kring Uppsala universitets myntkabinett. 2009. 5. ”…achieved nothing worthy of memory”. Coinage and authority in the Roman empire c. AD 260–295. By Ragnar Hedlund. 2008. 6:1–2. The Coinage of Akragas c. 510–406 BC. By Ulla Westermark. 2018 7. Musik på medaljer, mynt och jetonger i Nils Uno Fornanders samling. By Eva Wiséhn. 2015. 8. Erik Wallers samling av medicinhistoriska medaljer. By Harald Nilsson. 2013. © Ulla Westermark, 2018 Database right Uppsala University ISSN 1652-7232 ISBN 978-91-513-0269-0 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-345876 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-345876) Typeset in Times New Roman by Elin Klingstedt and Magnus Wijk, Uppsala Printed in Sweden on acid-free paper by DanagårdLiTHO AB, Ödeshög 2018 Distributor: Uppsala University Library, Box 510, SE-751 20 Uppsala www.uu.se, [email protected] The publication of this volume has been assisted by generous grants from Uppsala University, Uppsala Sven Svenssons stiftelse för numismatik, Stockholm Gunnar Ekströms stiftelse för numismatisk forskning, Stockholm Faith and Fred Sandstrom, Haverford, PA, USA CONTENTS FOREWORDS .......................................................................................... 7 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... 11 Historical summary ................................................................................. 11 THE COIN TYPES .................................................................................. 19 The obverse eagle ................................................................................... 19 The reverse crab ...................................................................................... 29 PLATES 1–2 ........................................................................................... 39 PERIOD I ............................................................................................... 41 Didrachms .............................................................................................. 41 Group I .........................................................................................................42 Group II ........................................................................................................46 Group III .......................................................................................................50 Group IV .......................................................................................................52 Chronology ...................................................................................................56 PERIOD II .............................................................................................. 67 Tetradrachms Eagle/crab.......................................................................... 67 Group I .........................................................................................................68 Group II ........................................................................................................69 Group III .......................................................................................................70 Smaller denominations of Period II .......................................................... 82 Didrachms .....................................................................................................83 Pentalitra (drachms) ......................................................................................85 Litrai ............................................................................................................86 Series A ...................................................................................................87 Series B ...................................................................................................88 Pentonkia and dionkia/hexantes .....................................................................89 Cast bronze coinage ................................................................................ 91 PERIOD III ............................................................................................. 99 Tetradrachms Eagle/Large fish ................................................................. 99 Tetradrachms Eagle pair/Skylla .............................................................. 104 Hemidrachms ........................................................................................ 109 Tetradrachms Quadriga/Eagle pair ......................................................... 113 Dekadrachms ........................................................................................ 126 Smaller denominations of Period III ....................................................... 140 Struck bronze coinage ........................................................................... 144 Hemilitra .....................................................................................................144 Series 1, Triton ......................................................................................146 Series 2, Octopus ...................................................................................147 Series 3–4, Leaf and Shrimp ...................................................................149 Series 5, Hippocamp ..............................................................................152 Transfer of dies. Hemilitra .....................................................................155 Tetrantes .....................................................................................................156 Hexantes .....................................................................................................161 Onkiai .........................................................................................................163 Related coinages in western Sicily ...............................................................167 Gold coinage ......................................................................................... 176 HOARDS .............................................................................................. 181 Selection of archaeological finds ........................................................... 201 BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS by Harald Nilsson and Brita Alroth ........................................................ 210 LEGENDS ......................................................................................... 1–12 PLATES ............................................................................................. 3–71 Author’s foreword The material for a monograph on Akragas was largely collected by the late Karl-Lud- wig Grabow, Berlin. Following Grabow’s untimely death in 1965, Professor Peter R. Franke, Saarbrücken, secured the transfer of the material to the German Archaeological Institute (Berlin). At Professor Franke’s suggestion, the Institute subsequently entrusted me with responsibility for the project. Grabow’s material, supplemented by later additions, is now in the Royal Coin Cabinet, Stockholm (inv. no. 104 147). Only the casts of the Gela hoard (= Hoard 15) have been transferred to Professor Christof Boehringer, Göttingen, who has also secured dupli- cates for the Centro (CINS) in Naples. Most of the work was finished long ago, and few references to newer numismatic literature have been added. It is entirely thanks to the editorial committee at the Uppsala Coin Cabinet that the project could finally be completed. My warmest thanks to all colleagues and coin dealers who have supplied casts and photographs from museums, numismatic institutions, collections and auction sales cata- logues and who have helped in various ways. I would like especially to thank the fol- lowing: Michel Amandry, Paris, Carmen Arnold Biucchi, New York, later Harvard; Denyse Bérend, Paris; Christof Boehringer, Göttingen; Maria Caccamo Caltabiano, Messina; Her- bert A. Cahn (†), Basel; Eike Druckrey, Kelkheim; Salvatore Garraffo, Catania; Kenneth Jenkins (†), London; Lars Karlsson, Uppsala; Henry Kim, Oxford, later Toronto (Canada); Giacomo Manganaro (†), Sant’Agata (Sicily); Silvia Mani Hurter (†), Zürich; Gerhard Miksche, Huddinge; Leo Mildenberg (†), Zürich; John Morcom, Kew; Athos Moretti (†), Bellinzona; Keith Rutter, Edinburgh; Giuseppina Tranchina, Syracuse. Ulla Westermark Editors’ foreword Ever since Ulla Westermark mentioned that the series in which she had planned to pub- lish her book on The Coinage of Akragas had ceased publication and agreed to make it available to our series in Uppsala, we have experienced warm support from colleagues and friends all over the world. As Ulla Westermark writes in her foreword, she had finished the work on her text by 2004, and the text we received from her was clear, logical and complete. There were, of course, a number of technical problems to deal with. As Ulla herself pointed out,