Wireless Networking Technology From Principles to Successful Implementation This page intentionally left blank Wireless Networking Technology From Principles to Successful Implementation Steve Rackley AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier Newnes is an imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington MA 01803 First published 2007 Copyright © 2007, Steve Rackley. All rights reserved The right of Steve Rackley to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher Permission may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone (+44) (0) 1865 843830; fax (+44) (0) 1865 853333; email: [email protected]. Alternatively you can submit your request online by visiting the Elsevier web site at http://elsevier.com/locate/permissions, and selecting Obtaining permission to use Elsevier material Notice No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein. Because of rapid advances in the medical sciences, in particular, independent verification of diagnoses and drug dosages should be made British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 13: 978-0-7506-6788-3 ISBN 10: 0-7506-6788-5 For information on all Newnes publications visit our website at www.books.elsevier.com Printed and bound in Great Britain 070809101110987654321 Contents Chapter 1: Introducing Wireless Networking ...................................1 Development of Wireless Networking ................................................. 1 The Diversity of Wireless Networking Technologies .......................... 2 Organisation of the Book ..................................................................... 3 PART I: Wireless Network Architecture .................... 7 Introduction ........................................................................................ 7 Chapter 2: Wireless Network Logical Architecture ........................... 9 The OSI Network Model ..................................................................... 9 Network Layer Technologies ............................................................. 13 Data Link Layer Technologies .......................................................... 20 Physical Layer Technologies ............................................................. 25 Operating System Considerations ..................................................... 34 Summary ............................................................................................ 36 Chapter 3: Wireless Network Physical Architecture ....................... 37 Wired Network Topologies – A Refresher ........................................ 37 Wireless Network Topologies ............................................................ 40 Wireless LAN Devices ...................................................................... 45 Wireless PAN Devices ....................................................................... 60 v Contents Wireless MAN Devices ..................................................................... 62 Summary of Part I ............................................................................. 66 PART II: Wireless Communication ........................... 69 Introduction ........................................................................................ 69 Chapter 4: Radio Communication Basics ....................................... 71 The RF Spectrum ............................................................................... 71 Spread Spectrum Transmission ......................................................... 76 Wireless Multiplexing and Multiple Access Techniques .................. 87 Digital Modulation Technique ........................................................... 95 RF Signal Propagation and Reception ............................................ 106 Ultra Wideband Radio ..................................................................... 119 MIMO Radio ................................................................................... 124 Near Field Communications ............................................................ 126 Chapter 5: Infrared Communication Basics ................................. 129 The Ir Spectrum ............................................................................... 129 Infrared Propagation and Reception ................................................ 129 Summary of Part II .......................................................................... 134 PART III: Wireless LAN Implementation ................ 137 Introduction ...................................................................................... 137 Chapter 6: Wireless LAN Standards ............................................ 139 The 802.11 WLAN Standards ......................................................... 139 The 802.11 MAC Layer ....................................................................144 802.11 PHY Layer ........................................................................... 148 802.11 Enhancements ...................................................................... 156 Other WLAN Standards .................................................................. 170 Summary .......................................................................................... 173 vi Contents Chapter 7: Implementing Wireless LANs ..................................... 175 Evaluating Wireless LAN Requirements ......................................... 176 Planning and Designing the Wireless LAN...................................... 183 Pilot Testing ..................................................................................... 190 Installation and Configuration ......................................................... 190 Operation and Support ..................................................................... 197 A Case Study: Voice over WLAN ................................................... 199 Chapter 8: Wireless LAN Security ................................................ 205 The Hacking Threat ......................................................................... 205 WLAN Security ............................................................................... 208 WEP – Wired Equivalent Privacy Encryption ................................. 209 Wi-Fi Protected Access – WPA ....................................................... 212 IEEE 802.11i and WPA2 ................................................................. 219 WLAN Security Measures .............................................................. 230 Wireless Hotspot Security ............................................................... 236 VoWLAN and VoIP Security ........................................................... 239 Summary .......................................................................................... 240 Chapter 9: Wireless LAN Troubleshooting ................................... 241 Analysing Wireless LAN Problems ................................................. 241 Troubleshooting using WLAN Analysers ....................................... 243 Bluetooth Coexistence with 802.11 WLANs .................................. 247 Summary of Part III ......................................................................... 249 PART IV: Wireless PAN Implementation ................ 251 Introduction ...................................................................................... 251 Chapter 10: Wireless PAN Standards .......................................... 253 Introduction ...................................................................................... 253 Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1) .............................................................. 254 Wireless USB ................................................................................... 265 vii Contents ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) .................................................................. 273 IrDA ................................................................................................. 280 Near Field Communications ............................................................ 287 Summary .......................................................................................... 292 Chapter 11: Implementing Wireless PANs ................................... 295 Wireless PAN Technology Choices ................................................. 295 Pilot Testing ..................................................................................... 300 Wireless PAN Security .................................................................... 300 Summary of Part IV ......................................................................... 306 PART V: Wireless MAN Implementation ................ 307 Introduction .....................................................................................