Rule Based Morphological Analyzer of Kazakh Language Gulshat Kessikbayeva Ilyas Cicekli Hacettepe University, Department of Hacettepe University, Department of Computer Engineering, Computer Engineering, Ankara,Turkey Ankara,Turkey [email protected] [email protected] Abstract Zaurbekov, 2013) and it only gives specific Having a morphological analyzer is a very alternation rules without generalized forms of critical issue especially for NLP related alternations. Here we present all generalized tasks on agglutinative languages. This paper forms of all alternation rules. Moreover, many presents a detailed computational analysis studies and researches have been done upon on of Kazakh language which is an morphological analysis of Turkic languages agglutinative language. With a detailed (Altintas and Cicekli, 2001; Oflazer, 1994; analysis of Kazakh language morphology, the formalization of rules over all Coltekin, 2010; Tantug et al., 2006; Orhun et al, morphotactics of Kazakh language is 2009). However there is no complete work worked out and a rule-based morphological which provides a detailed computational analyzer is developed for Kazakh language. analysis of Kazakh language morphology and The morphological analyzer is constructed this paper tries to do that. using two-level morphology approach with The organization of the rest of the paper is Xerox finite state tools and some as follows. Next section gives a brief implementation details of rule-based comparison of Kazakh language and Turkish morphological analyzer have been presented morphologies. Section 3 presents Kazakh vowel in this paper. and consonant harmony rules. Then, nouns with their inflections are presented in Section 4. 1 Introduction Section 4 also presents morphotactic rules for nouns, pronouns, adjectives, adverbs and Kazakh language is a Turkic language which numerals. The detailed morphological structure belongs to Kipchak branch of Ural-Altaic of verbs is introduced in Section 5. Results of language family and it is spoken approximately the performed tests are presented together with by 8 million people. It is the official language their analysis in Section 6. At last, conclusion of Kazakhstan and it has also speakers in and future work are described in Section 7. Russia, China, Mongolia, Iran, Turkey, Afghanistan and Germany. It is closely related 2 Comparison of Closely Related to other Turkic languages and there exists Languages mutual intelligibility among them. Words in Kazakh language can be generated from root There are many studies and researches prior words recursively by adding proper suffixes. made on closely related languages by Thus, Kazakh language has agglutinative form comparing them for many purposes related with and has vowel harmony property except for NLP such as Turkish–Crimean Tatar (Altintas loan-words from other languages such as and Cicekli, 2001), Turkish–Azerbaijani Russian, Persian and Arabic. (Hamzaoğlu, 1993), Turkish–Turkmen (Tantuğ Having a morphological analyzer for an et al., 2007), Turkish-Uygur (Orhun et al, 2009) agglutinative language is a starting point for and Tatar-Kazakh (Salimzyanov et al, 2013). A Natural Language Processing (NLP) related deep comparison of Kazakh and Turkish researches. An analysis of inflectional affixes of languages from computational view is another Kazakh language is studied within the work of study which is in out of scope for this work. a Kazakh segmentation system (Altenbek and However, in this study, a brief grammatical Wang, 2010). A finite state approach for comparison of these languages is given in order Kazakh nominals is presented (Kairakbay and to give a better analysis of Kazakh language. 46 Proceedings of the 2014 Joint Meeting of SIGMORPHON and SIGFSM, pages 46–54, Baltimore, Maryland USA, June 27 2014. c 2014 Association for Computational Linguistics Kazakh and Turkish languages have many In Kazakh language there are 8 types of common parts due to being in same language personal possessive agreement morphemes as family. Possible differences are mostly given in Table 2. Kazakh language has two morpheme based rather than deep grammar additional possessive agreements for second differences. Distinct morphemes can be added person. in order to get same meaning. There exist some There are some identical tenses and moods differences in their alphabets, their vowel and of verbs in both language such as definite past consonant harmony rules, their possessive tense, present tense, imperative mood, optative forms of nouns, and inflections of verbs as mood and conditional mood. They have nearly given in Table 1. There are extra 9 letters in same morphemes for tenses. On the other hand Kazakh alphabet, and Kazakh alphabet also has there are some tenses of verbs which are 4 additional letters for Russian loan words. identical according to meaning and usage, but Both Kazakh language and Turkish employ different morphemes are used. Moreover, in vowel harmony rules when morphemes are Kazakh language there are some tenses such as added. Vowel harmony is defined according to goal oriented future and present tenses which last morpheme containing back or front vowel. do not exist in Turkish language. In Kazakh language, if the last morpheme contains a back vowel then the vowel of next Possessive Examples for Representation coming suffix is a or ı. If the last morpheme Pronoun Eke, “father” None contains one of front vowels then the vowel of Pnon Eke father next coming suffix is e or i. In Turkish, suffixes Possessive my with vowels a, ı, u follow morphemes with My P1Sg 1 Eke-m vowels a, o, u, ı and suffixes with vowels e, i, ü father your follow morphemes with vowels e, i, ü, ö Your P2Sg 2 Eke-N father depending on being rounded and unrounded Your Eke- your P2PSg 2 vowels. Consonant harmony rule related with (Polite) Niz father voiceless letters is similar in both languages. his His/Her P3Sg 3 Eke-si father Turkish Kazakh Eke- our Our P1Pl 1 Language miz father Alphabet Latin Cyril Eke- your Your Plural P2Pl 2 29 letters 42 letters leriN father ( 8 Vowels, ( 10 Vowels, Your Plural Eke- your P2PPl 2 21 Consonant ) 25 Consonants, (Polite) leriNiz father 3 Compound Eke- their Their P3Pl 3 Letters, leri father 4 Russian Loan Word Table 2. Possessive Agreement of Nouns. Letters ) Vowel & Synharmonism Synharmonism Consonant according to according to 3 Vowel and Consonant Harmony Harmony back, front, back and front unrounded and vowels rounded Kazakh is officially written in the Cyrillic vowels alphabet. In its history, it was represented by Possessive 6 types of 8 types of Arabic, Latin and Cyrillic letters. Nowadays Forms of possessive possessive switching back to Latin alphabets in 20 years is Nouns agreements agreements planned by the Kazakh government. In the Case 7 Case Forms 7 Case Forms beginning stage of study, Latin transcription of Forms of Cyril version is used for convenience. Nouns Two main issues of language such as Verbs Similar Tenses Similar Tenses morphotactics and alternations can be dealt with Xerox tools. First of all, morphotactic Table 1. Comparison of Kazakh and Turkish. rules are represented by encoding a finite-state network. Then, a finite-state transducer for alternations is constructed. Then, the formed network and the transducer are composed into a 47 single final network which cover all invisible by user. These representations are morphological aspects of the language such as used for substitution such as A is for a and e morphemes, derivations, inflections, and J is for I and i. So if suffix dA should be alternations and geminations (Beesley and added according to morphotactic rules, it means Karttunen, 2003). suffixes da or de should be considered. In Table Vowel harmony of Kazakh language obeys 3, there are group of letters defined according to a rule such that vowels in each syllable should their sounds and these groups are used in match according to being front or back vowel. alternation rules (Valyaeva, 2007). It is called synharmonism and it is basic Consonant harmony rules are varied linguistic structure of nearly all Turkic according to the last letter of a word with in languages (Demirci, 2006). For example, a morphotactic rules. As in Table 3, different word qa-la-lar-dIN, “of cities” has a stem qa- patterns are presented in order to visualize the la, “city” and two syllables of containing back relation between common valid rules and to vowels according to the vowel harmony rule. generalize morphotactic rules. Thus, in each Here –lar is an affix of Plural form and –dIN is case according to morphotactic rules there are an affix of Genitive case. However, as stated proper alternation rules for morphemes. before, there are a lot of loan words from Persian and generally they do not obey vowel GROUP 1 harmony rules. For example, a word mu-Ga- Ablative Case Locative case Dative Case lim, “teacher” has first two syllables have back dAn dA TA vowels and the last one has a front vowel. So tAn tA TA suffixes to be added are defined according to nAn 3 ndA 3 nA 3 the last syllable. For example, a word muGalim- A 1/2 der-diN, “of teachers” has suffixes with front vowels. On the other hand, there are GROUP 2 Genitive Case Accusative Case Poss. Affix-2 morphemes with static front vowels which are diki independently from the type of last syllable can dJN dJ tJ tiki be added to all words such as Instrumental tJN suffix –men. In this case, all suffixes added nJN 3 nJ niki after that should contain front vowels. n 3 GROUP 3 Name XFST Type 1 Type 2 Plural Form of Negative Form A1Pl Sonorous Noun SCons l r y w m n N Consonant dAr l bA bJz Voiced tAr pA pJz VCons z Z b v g d Consonant lAr r y w mA mJz Voiceless VLCons p f q k t s S C x c GROUP 4 Consonant Instrumental A1Sg b p t c x d r z Z s S Case ben bJn Consonant Cons C G f q k g N l m n h w y v pen pJn Vowel Vowel a e E i I O o u U j men 3 mJn Front FVowel e E i O U j Vowel Table 4.