The Use of Symbols on Victorian Cemetery Monuments for Anglican and Catholic Religious Group Identification and Differentiation: Urban versus Rural Cultural Contexts, Adelaide, South Australia (1870-1899) By Amber Parrington B. Archaeology A thesis submitted in partial requirements for the degree of Master of Archaeology and Heritage Management, Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Education, Humanities and Law, Flinders University, July 2018 DECLARATION ‘I certify that this research project does not incorporate without acknowledgement any material previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any university; and that to the best of my knowledge and belief it does not contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text.’ Amber Parrington 31st July 2018 Contents List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ........................................................................................................................... vii List of Appendices ................................................................................................................. xiii Abstract ................................................................................................................................... xiv Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................. xvi 1.0 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Aim ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Significance ...................................................................................................................... 5 2.0 Literature Review................................................................................................................. 6 2.1 Wider Cemetery Studies................................................................................................... 6 2.1.1 Wider Cemetery Studies: South Australia .................................................................. 10 2.2 Urban versus Rural: Redfield’s Folk Societies .............................................................. 12 2.3 Religion and Cemetery Studies ...................................................................................... 14 2.4 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 20 3.0 Historical Background ....................................................................................................... 20 3.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 20 3.2 Religion in South Australia ............................................................................................ 22 3.3 Catholicism in South Australia ...................................................................................... 23 3.4 Anglicanism in South Australia ..................................................................................... 26 3.5 Catholic and Anglican Symbols ..................................................................................... 28 4.0 Methods.............................................................................................................................. 30 4.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 30 4.2 Data Collection ............................................................................................................... 30 4.2.1 Site Selection ............................................................................................................... 30 4.2.2 Proximity to Adelaide CBD: Rural versus Urban ....................................................... 31 4.2.3 Religious Classification/Association........................................................................... 31 4.2.4 Cemeteries and Sample Size ....................................................................................... 31 4.2.5 Time Period ................................................................................................................. 33 4.2.6 Headstone Recording .................................................................................................. 34 4.3 Data Entry ...................................................................................................................... 38 4.4 Statistical Analysis of Data ............................................................................................ 38 4.5 Limitations ..................................................................................................................... 39 5.0 Results ................................................................................................................................ 39 i 5.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 39 5.2.1 Common Motifs and Symbols in Rural Catholic Cemeteries ..................................... 40 5.2.2 Common Motifs and Symbols in Urban Catholic Cemeteries .................................... 41 5.2.3 Common Catholic Motifs and Symbols: Rural v. Urban ............................................ 42 5.2.4 Common Motifs and Symbols in Rural Anglican Cemeteries .................................... 43 5.2.5 Common Motifs and Symbols in Urban Anglican Cemeteries ................................... 44 5.2.6 Common Anglican Motifs/Symbols: Urban v. Rural.................................................. 44 5.3 Religious Symbol use ........................................................................................................ 45 5.3.1 Rural Catholic ............................................................................................................. 45 5.3.2 Urban Catholic ............................................................................................................ 46 5.3.3 Religious Symbol Use in Catholic Cemeteries: Urban v. Rural ................................. 48 5.3.4 Rural Anglican ............................................................................................................ 49 5.3.5 Urban Anglican ........................................................................................................... 50 5.3.6 Religious Symbol Use in Anglican Cemeteries: Urban v. Rural ................................ 51 5.3.7 Religious Symbol Use in Rural Cemeteries: Catholic v. Anglican............................. 52 5.3.8 Religious Symbol Use in Urban Cemeteries: Catholic v. Anglican ........................... 54 5.3.9 Religious Symbol Use: Urban Anglican v. Rural Catholic ......................................... 56 5.3.10 Religious Symbol Use: Urban Catholic v. Rural Anglican ....................................... 58 5.4 Sex and Religious Symbol Use .......................................................................................... 60 5.4.1 Rural Catholic: Male v. Female .................................................................................. 61 5.4.2 Urban Catholic: Male v. Female ................................................................................. 62 5.4.3 Rural Anglican: Male v. Female ................................................................................. 64 5.4.4 Urban Anglican: Male v. Female ................................................................................ 66 5.4.5 Sex and Religious Symbol Use: Anglican v. Catholic ................................................... 67 5.4.5.1 Males and Females: Urban Anglican v. Urban Catholic .......................................... 67 5.4.5.2 Males and Females: Rural Anglican v. Rural Catholic ............................................ 68 5.4.6 Sex and Religious Symbol Use: Anglican v. Catholic ................................................... 69 5.4.6.1 Males and Females: Urban Anglican v. Rural Catholic ........................................... 69 5.4.6.2 Males and Females: Urban Catholic v. Rural Anglican ........................................... 70 5.5 Age and Religious Symbol Use ......................................................................................... 71 5.6.1 Rural Catholic ................................................................................................................. 71 5.6.1.1 Religious Symbol use within Age Groups: Rural Catholic ..................................... 72 5.6.2 Urban Catholic ................................................................................................................ 74 5.6.2.1 Religious Symbol Use within Age Groups: Urban Catholic ................................... 75 5.6.3 Catholic Age and Religious Symbol Use: Rural v. Urban.............................................. 77 5.6.4 Rural Anglican ................................................................................................................ 78 ii 5.6.4.1 Religious Symbol Use within Age Groups: Rural Anglican ................................... 79 5.6.5 Urban Anglican ..............................................................................................................