Vyakr[m! Salutation to you O Goddess Sarasvati, who is giver of boons, and who has a beautiful form! I begin my studies. Let there be success for me always. s<Sk&t shkairn! Page 1 Vyakr[m! Prepared by Dr. Kumud Singhal [email protected] 408-934-9747 Version #2 Version #1 available at http://www.arshavidyacenter.org/sanskrit_sahakarin.pdf Presented by Arsha Vidya Center Many thanks to our Sanskrit Teacher Çré Vijay Kapoor s<Sk&t shkairn! Page 2 Vyakr[m! Table of Contents 1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 5 2. The Sanskrit Alphabet ........................................................................................................................ 6 3. Sandhi Rules ........................................................................................................................................ 7 3.1 Vowel Sandhi .................................................................................................................................... 7 3.2 Visarga Sandhi .................................................................................................................................. 8 3.3 Consonant Sandhi ........................................................................................................................... 10 4. Nouns .................................................................................................................................................. 13 4.1 Usage & Examples .......................................................................................................................... 14 4.2 Nouns ending in vowels .................................................................................................................. 17 4.2.1 Masculine Nouns ..................................................................................................................... 17 4.2.2 Feminine Nouns ....................................................................................................................... 18 4.2.3 Neuter Nouns ........................................................................................................................... 19 4.3 Nouns ending in consonants ........................................................................................................... 20 4.3.1 Nouns with one stem ................................................................................................................ 20 4.3.2 Nouns with two stems .............................................................................................................. 21 4.3.3 Nouns with three stems ............................................................................................................ 23 5. Adjectives ............................................................................................................................................ 24 5.1 Adjectives ending in vowels .......................................................................................................... 24 5.2 Adjectives of quantity .................................................................................................................... 24 5.3 Degrees of comparison-Comparative & Superlative ...................................................................... 24 6. Pronouns ............................................................................................................................................ 26 6.1 Personal Pronouns ........................................................................................................................... 26 6.2 Demonstrative Pronouns ................................................................................................................. 27 6.3 Interrogative & Relative Pronouns ................................................................................................. 29 7. Indeclinables ...................................................................................................................................... 30 8. The Subordinate Clause .................................................................................................................... 31 8.1The Noun, Adjective and Adverb Clause ........................................................................................ 31 8.2 List of Adverbs ............................................................................................................................... 31 8.3 Interrogative Sentences ................................................................................................................... 32 9. Verbs ................................................................................................................................................... 33 9.1 Tenses and Moods .......................................................................................................................... 33 9.2 Conjugations .................................................................................................................................. 34 9.3 Voice ............................................................................................................................................... 35 9.4 Suffixes for Conjugational Tenses and Moods ............................................................................... 36 9.5 Suffixes for Non Conjugational Tenses and Moods ....................................................................... 37 9.6 Suffixes for Strong and Weak form endings ................................................................................. 38 9.7 Examples ......................................................................................................................................... 41 9.8 Prepositions .................................................................................................................................... 43 s<Sk&t shkairn! Page 3 Vyakr[m! 10. Verbal Derivatives .......................................................................................................................... 44 10.1 k&t! àTyya> ...................................................................................................................................... 45 10.1.1 General Rules ......................................................................................................................... 45 10.1.2 Participles ............................................................................................................................... 46 10.1.3 Verbal Nouns ......................................................................................................................... 48 10.2 tiÏt àTyya> ................................................................................................................................... 55 10.2.1 General Rules ......................................................................................................................... 55 10.2.2 List of tiÏt affixes covered ................................................................................................. 55 11. Derivative Conjugations ................................................................................................................ 60 11.1 Causative ....................................................................................................................................... 60 11.2 Desiderative .................................................................................................................................. 61 11.3 Frequentative ................................................................................................................................ 62 11.4 Denominative ................................................................................................................................ 62 12. smasa> ................................................................................................................................................ 64 12.1 ÖNÖ ................................................................................................................................................ 64 12.2 kmRxary .......................................................................................................................................... 65 12.3 tTpué;> ........................................................................................................................................... 67 12.4 bhuìIih ............................................................................................................................................ 69 12.5 AVyyIÉav> ...................................................................................................................................... 70 12.6 %ppd .............................................................................................................................................. 72 12.7 git ................................................................................................................................................. 72 12.8 àaid ................................................................................................................................................ 72 12.9 Examples from Bhagavad Gita Chapter 12 ................................................................................. 72 13. Analysis ............................................................................................................................................