Printed with the support of: Research Advisory Board of the Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt (means of the municipality of Klagenfurt) Austrian Federal Ministry for Education, Arts and Culture in Vienna Austrian Federal Ministry for Science and Research in Vienna Copyeditors: Martin Gallob | Sarai Melina Lenzberger | Rosemarie Schöffmann © Drava Verlag 2010 Layout and Print: Tiskarna/Druckerei Drava All: Klagenfurt/Celovec www.drava.at ISBN 978-3-85435-631-8 Yearbook Peace Culture 2010 Culture of Peace A Concept and A Campaign Revisited Viktorija Ratković Werner Wintersteiner (Eds.) Centre for Peace Research and Peace Education Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt/Celovec Austria Drava Verlag Klagenfurt/Celovec In memoriam of Elise Boulding (1920–2010) TABLE OF CONTENTS Mary Lee Morrison – USA Elise Boulding (1920–2010) 8 Viktorija Ratković | Werner Wintersteiner – AUSTRIA Regards on and Perspectives of ”The Decade of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World” 10 CONCEPTS AND REFLECTIONS: REPORTS AND THEORIES David Adams – USA Culture of Peace: The UN Decade 2001–2010 16 Federico Mayor Zaragoza – SPAIN Transition from a Culture of War to a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence 27 Werner Wintersteiner – AUSTRIA Renewing Peace Research with Culture of Peace. A Proposal 40 Wilfried Graf | Gudrun Kramer | Augustin Nicolescou – AUSTRIA Complexity Thinking as a Meta-Framework for Conflict Transformation. In Search of a Paradigm and a Methodology for a Transformative Culture of Peace 58 Claudia Brunner – AUSTRIA Knowing Culture, Knowing Peace? Epistemological and/as Political Aspects of the ’Culture of Peace’-Initiative, Concept and Programme 82 ACHIEVEMENTS AND EXPECTATIONS: INTERNATIONAL AND NATIONAL PERSPECTIVES Manuela Mesa – SPAIN Women, Peace and Security: Resolution 1325 on its tenth Anniversary 104 Danilo Streck | Sólon Eduardo Annes Viola – BRAZIL The Child in Brazil: Advances and Challenges in the Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence 126 Manuel Manonelles – SPAIN Climate Change: Challenges for International Peace and Security 142 Irmgard Ehrenberger – AUSTRIA The Implementation of the Decade of Peace and Non-Violence in Austria 162 FIELDS AND APPROACHES: GENDER, HISTORY, MEDIA AND EDUCATION Ingeborg Breines – NORWAY Women’s Contribution to a Culture of Peace 182 Biao Yang – CHINA Memory and Change: History Education as a Way for Peace in East Asia 203 Olivia Guaraldo – ITALY Grief, Loss and the Possibility of Non-Violence: an Exercise in Political Imagination 215 Viktorija Ratković – AUSTRIA Media Produced by Migrants: A Lively Contribution to a Culture of Peace 234 Elisabeth Augustin – AUSTRIA ”We are being confronted with violence everywhere: on the streets, in the media, in schools.” A Report on a Video Project with Teenagers as an Attempt to Prevent Violence at Schools 248 Majda Hrženjak | Živa Humer – SLOVENIA Violence Prevention, Intersectionality and the Education for Peace 261 Five Years Centre for Peace Research and Peace Education. A short Balance 276 The Authors 283 8 Mary Lee Morrison Elise Boulding (1920–2010) Elise Boulding died at 4:40 pm, on June 24, 2010 in Needham, Massa- chusetts, USA. Hailed as a ”matriarch” of the twentieth century peace research movement, she was sociologist emeritus from Dartmouth College and from the University of Colorado and in on the ground floor in the movements of peace, women’s studies and futures and played pivotal roles in each. Her writings on the role of the family, women, spirituality and international non-governmental organisa- tions have offered activists and educators new ways of conceiving the tasks inherent in making peace. Beginning in tandem with her late husband, economist and Quaker poet Kenneth Boulding and later on her own, she went on to build a life that encompassed research, writ- ing and teaching, networking and building communities of learning. Dr. Boulding is the author of over 300 publications and was nominat- ed for the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990. Her theoretical work on the role of the family in educating toward social change, and the role wom- en have played in peacemaking, together with her ideas on transna- tional networks and their relationship to global understanding are considered seminal contributions to twentieth century peace edu- cation thought. Prior to her scholarly career, which formally began for her at age fifty after receiving her doctorate from the University of Michigan, Dr. Boulding was making major contributions in other areas, most notably as a peace educator and prominent Quaker and as a leader in the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), rising up to be International Chair. She was a founder of the International Peace Research Association and later became its International Secretary-General. She was a co- founder the Consortium on Peace, Research, Education and Develop- ment. As an active opponent of the Vietnam War, Dr. Boulding ran for Congress in the 1960s on a Peace Platform in Ann Arbor, Mich- igan. She taught sociology and women’s studies at the Universi- ty of Colorado, where she helped to found the peace studies pro- gramme. She later taught sociology and helped to found the peace studies programme at Dartmouth College. She took key leadership 9 positions in the American and International Sociological Associa- tions, worked on climate change, population, and arms control with the American Association of the Advancement of Science, was en- gaged with the American Futures Society, the World Policy Institute, the United Nations University in Tokyo, consultative work with UNESCO, and was appointed by President Jimmy Carter as the on- ly woman to sit on the Commission to establish the U. S. Institute of Peace. She was on the boards of the National Peace Institute Foun- dation, the Boulder Parenting Center, the Exploratory Project on Condi- tions for a Just World Peace, the International Peace Research Associa- tion Foundation, the Committee for the Quaker United Nations Office, and Honorary Chair of the National Peace Academy Advisory Board. Prior to her retirement from Dartmouth College, she was a Senior Fellow of the Dickey Center for International Understanding at that university. In 1993, Dr. Boulding represented Quakers at the inau- gural gathering of the global Interfaith Peace Council. Born in 1920 in Oslo, Norway, her status as an immigrant pro- foundly affected her life and work. A graduate of Douglas College (now part of Rutgers University), Dr. Boulding joined the Religious Society of Friends at age 21. Her sense of herself as a Quaker and her deep spirituality informed all of her subsequent work. Blessed with a very high energy level, at times she also sought out Catho- lic monasteries for times of retreat from her very heavily scheduled life as an academic, activist, author and speaker. In 1973, she spent a year in retreat in a mountain cabin outside Boulder, Colorado, where she began writing her seminal work on women, The Under- side of History, a View of Women Through Time. Her last book, Cul- tures of Peace: the Hidden Side of History, is a celebration of the many ways peace is made in everyday places and hidden spaces and its writing was a culmination of her life’s work. Retiring from Dart- mouth College in 1985 she returned to Boulder, Colorado. In 1996, she relocated to Wayland, Massachusetts and in 2000 she moved to a retirement home in Needham, Massachusetts. 10 Viktorija Ratković | Werner Wintersteiner Introduction Regards on and Perspectives of ”The Decade of a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World” Humans are not condemned to endless rounds of violence and counterviolence. Elise Boulding Why this Book? The UNESCO programme of a Culture of Peace and especially the UN Year of a Culture of Peace (2000) and the Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World (2001–2010) raised great hopes all over the world. They were conceived and elaborated in the historical moment after the fall of the Iron Cur- tain and after the East-West confrontation, but also in confron- tation with the atrocities of civil wars in Africa or in Yugoslavia. However, a balance of the Decade is rather disappointing, as many authors of the book lament. Whilst the programme itself is un- doubtedly an inestimable step forwards, it seems that there is a very strong political refusal to act according to the insights and achievements of the programme’s philosophy. Hence, more efforts are needed, basically coming from the civil society and representatives of a lower political level (like from com- munities) in order to make a difference (see David Adams in this book). This book wants to make a contribution to these efforts that will continue even when the campaign is over. A contribution by peace research to a peace movement shall be in first line a clarifica- tion of the notions, terms, concepts and programmes as well as a critical examination of the movements and activities. This is exact- ly the aim of this publication which gives much space to the main actors of the Campaign for a Culture of Peace. The Culture of Peace is the result of a peace research and a peace politics that defines peace not only as the absence of war, but fo- cuses on the content and the conditions of peace. In the words of David Adams: 11 ”A culture of peace consists of values, attitudes, behaviours and ways of life based on non-violence, respect for human rights, intercultural understanding, tolerance and solidarity, sharing and free flow of information and the full participation of women” (Adams 1995, p. 16). According to David Adams, who as the programme director of UNESCO has shaped substantially the concept of the Culture of Peace, one can distinguish three levels of culture: • ”the way of looking at the world”: cosmologies, ideologies, nar- ratives; • ”values”: formulated in form of political programmes, laws, philosophical doctrines, textbooks, etc.