DOCUMENT RESUME ED 308 132 SO 020 103 AUTHOR Morales, Edmundo, Ed. TITLE Drugs in Latin America. Studies in Third World Societies, Publication Number Thirty-seven. INSTITUTION College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA. Dept. of Anthropology. PUB DATE Sep 86 NOTE 219p. PUB TYPE Books (010) -- Information Analyses (070) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC09 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS American Indian Culture; *Developing Nations; Drinking; *Drug Abuse; Drug Addiction; *Economic Factors; *Economic Opportunities; Foreign Countries; *Illegal Drug Use; World Problems IDENTIFIERS Bolivia; *Cocaine; Coca Paste (Drug); Crack; Drugs; Drug Trafficking; *Latin America; Mexico; Peru; South America ABSTRACT The eight papers presented in this document discuss the link between substance and human life in Latin America and hell. readers uncover some of the myths surrounding drugs, especially cocaine. Contributions range from extensive research to field work and observation. Enrique Mayer demonstrates that the coca leaf is a vital Andean cultural element whose use and economic role will not be easily replaced or substituted. Myrna Cintron traces the historical roots of the cocaine problem, arguing that the current crisis is part of a periodic cycle that has seen cocaine change from recreational use to an economic commodity. Ray Henkel describes and analyzes the development of the coca industry and the impact it has had on Bolivia. Harry Sanabria presents research on out-migration from a high altitude peasant community in Bolivia and social differentiation based on coca agriculture. Luis Loyola explores the historical functions that alcohol consumption has had in peasant and Indian communities in Chiapas, Mexico, and provides an ethnographic account of the drinking pattern in Tenejapa, Chiapas. Raul Jeri's work on coca paste and Peruvian cocaine addiction shows that patients who present neuro-psychological disorders prior to cocaine exposure develop faster physical and psychological dependence. Rosa del Olmo examines the plight of women trapped in the highly rewarding underground economy. Edmundo Morales' paper on coca paste and crack explores the overall pervasive use of cocaine, its mechanisms, and the dynamics of manufacturing and marketing. Reference lists follow each paper. (GEA) Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. "PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY 7r V 4--4-/ //e) : TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC)" U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) El4his documenthas been reproduced as received from the person or Organization originating C' Minor changes have been made to Improve reproduction quality points of view or opinions staled m this docu meat do not necessarily represent official OE RI position or policy Stui#0, Third World Societies 'rourAilow menTHIIVIT-SEVEN ,iirlS? avaifr, STUDIES IN THIRD WORLD SOCIETIES is devoted to the study of cultures and societies of the Third World.Each publication contains papers dealing with a single theme or area, addressed both to scholars and laymen as well as to teachers, students, and practitioners of social science; the papers should be of value also to applied social scientists, planners, demographers, community development workers, and other students of human cultures and societies. COPYRIGHT by THE EDITORS Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 87-073040 Communications concerning editorial matters, including requests to reprint or translate, and correspondence about subscriptions, change of address, circulation, and payments should be address to: Tne Editors STUDIES IN THIRD WORLD SOCIETIES Department of Anthropology College of William and Mary Williamsburg, Virginia 23185 U .S. A. Phone: (804) 253-4522 i 3 EDITORS VINSON H. SUTLIVE NATHAN ALTSHULER MARIO D. ZAMORA VIRGINIA KERNS PUBLISHER DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY Williamsburg, Virginia 23185 U.S.A. International Editorial Advisory Board Theoddro Agoncillo (University of the Philippines), Carlos H. Aguilar (University of Costa Rica), Muhammad Ali (Univer- sity of Malaya), Jacques Amyot ( Chulalongkorn University, Thailand), Ghaus Ansari (Kuwait University), George N. Appel! (Brandeis University), Harold Barclay (University of Alberta, Canada), Etta Becker-Donner (Museum fur Volker- kunde, Vienna, Austria), Harumi Befu (Stanford University), Ignacio Bernal( Institute Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico), Ronald M. Berndt (University of Western Australia), Fernando Camara (Institute Nacional de Antropo- logia e Historia, Mexico), Paulo de Carvalho-Neto (Sao Paulo, Brazil), S. Chandrasekhar (California State Univer- sity),K.C. Chang( Harvard University), Chen Chi-lu (National Taiwan University, China), Hackeny Choe (Seoul National University, Korea), George Coelho (National Institute of Mental Helath, Maryland), Ronald Cohen ( Ahmado Bello University, Nigeria), Ronald Crocombe (University of the Pacific,FijiIsland), May N.Diaz (University of California, Berkeley), K. 0. Dike (Harvard University), Fred Eggan (University of Chicago), S. C. Dube (India Institute of Advanced Study, India), S. N. Eisenstadt (Hebrew University,Israel), Gabriel Escobar M.(Penn- sylvania State University and Lima, Peru), Claudio Esteva Fabregat (University of Barcelona, Spain), Orlando Fals Borda (Bogota, Colombia), Muhammad Fayyaz (Punjab University, Pakistan, and Queens University, Canada), C. Dean Freudenberger (School of Theology, Claremont, California), Morton H. Fried (Columbia University),Isao Fujimoto (University of California, Davis), C. von Furer- Haimendorf (London School of Oriental and African Studies, England), Dante Germino (University of Virginia), Walter ii Goldschmidt (University of California, Los Angeles), Nancie L. Gonzalez (Boston University), W. W. Howells (Harvard University), Francis L. K. Hsu (Northwestern Uniersity), Charles C. Hughes (University of Utah Medical Center), Erwin Johnson (State University of New York, Buffalo), Victor T. King( University of Hull),Koentjaraningrat (University of Indonesia), T.A. Lambo (World Health Organization, Switzerland), Gottfried 0. Land (University of Colorado), Peter Lawrence (Sydney University, Australia), Diane K. Lewis (University of Claifornia, Santa Cruz), Dapen Liang (Asiamerica Research Institute, California). Abdoulaye Ly( University of Dakar, Senegal), Robert A. Manners (Brandeis University), Jamshed Mavalwala (University of Toronto, Canada), Eugenio Fernandez Mendez (Universidad de Puerto Rico), Alfredo T. Morales (National Research and Development Centre for Teacher Education, University of the Philippines), Gananath Obeyesekere (Princeton Univer- sity, N.J. ), Gottfried Oosterwal ( Andrews University ), Morris E. Opler (University of Oklahoma), Alfonso Ortiz (Princeton University), Akin Rabibhadana (Thammasat University, Thailand), V. J. Ram (United Nations, Beirut, Lebanon), M.S.A. Rao (University of Delhi,India),J.B. Romain (CRESHS, Haiti),Renato I. Rosaldo (Stanford University), Irving Rouse (Yale University), Miguel Acosta Saignes (Caracas, Venezuela), Kernial S. Sandhu (Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore), Spiegal-Rosing (Rhur- Universitat Bochum, Germany), Rodolfo Stavenhagen (El Colegio de Mexico), Akira Takahashi (University of Tokyo, Japan), Reina Torres de Arauz ( Instituto Nacional de Cultura y Deportes, Panama) , Donald Tugby (Queensland University, Australia), Victor C. Uchendu (University of Illinois and Kampala, Uganda), Lionel Vallee (University of Montreal, Canada), Mario C. Vasquez (National Office of Agrarian Reform, Peru), L. P. Vidyarthi (Ranchi University, India), B. M. Villanueva (United Nations, New York City), Hiroshi Wagatsuma (University of California, Los Angeles), Wong Soon Kai ( Kuching, Sarawak), Inger Wulff (Danish National Museum). iii 0r CONTENTS Publication Number Thirty-Seven September 1986 Drugs in Latin America Guest Editor Edmundo Morales PAGE P ref ace vii Introduction xi Enrique Mayer 1 Coca Use in the Andes Myrna Cintron 25 Coca: Its History and Contemporary Parallels Ray Henkel 53 The Bolivian Cocaine Industry Harry Sanabria 81 Coca, Migration and Social Differentiation in the Bolivian Lowlands Luis J. Loyola 125 The Use of Alcohol Among Indians and Ladinos in Chiapas, Mexico F. Raul Jeri 149 Coca Paste and Cocaine Abuse in Peru: Associations, Complications and Outcomes in 389 Patients Rosa del Olmo 163 Female Criminality and Drug Trafficking in Latin America:Preliminary Findings Edmundo Morales 179 Coca Paste and Crack:A Crossnational Ethnographic Approach Notes on Contributors 201 v PREFACE The editors' original plan was to dedicate this issue to the cultural, economic and political significance of drugs in the developing countries.However, the papers selected for this volume indicate the burgeoning academic interest in the social, cultural, economic and political significance of coca and cocaine in the Americas. The eight papers selected for this issue discuss the substance-human-life link in Latin America, which will help the reader uncover some of the myths knitted around drugs, especially cocaine.While some readers will increase their knowledge of drugs, others will have the opportunity of travelling from the barren mountains of Bolivia to the urban ghettos of New York.Contributions are original and unique in that the authors share their works ranging from extensive research to field work and observation. My general introduction