POINT STATE PARK Cultural Resources Management Plan Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania Public Version: This copy does not contain detailed information on archaeological site locations. PA Bureau of State Parks Department of Conservation & Natural Resources .BSDI POINT STATE PARK CULTURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania March 2019 POINT STATE PARK CULTURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PLAN Pittsburgh, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania SUBMITTED TO: Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources Rachel Carson State Office Building 400 Market St. Harrisburg, PA 17105 SUBMITTED BY: 106 Group 1295 Bandana Blvd #335 Saint Paul, MN 55108 REPORT AUTHORS: Nicole Foss, M.A. Anne Ketz, M.A. Madeleine Bray, M.A. Cody Jennings, M.A. March 2019 Point State Park CRMP Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 PURPOSE AND NEED.................................................................. 1 1.1 Purpose of a CRMP ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Organization and Use of the CRMP ............................................................................. 1 1.3 Methodology for CRMP Preparation ............................................................................ 2 1.4 Overview of Point State Park ....................................................................................... 3 1.4.1 Park Purpose Statement ............................................................................................... 11 1.4.2 The Draw of Cultural Resources for Residents and Park Visitors: Economic Benefits of Cultural Resources ........................................................................................................ 11 2.0 LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ..................................................... 13 2.1 State .......................................................................................................................... 13 2.1.1 Constitution of Pennsylvania, Article 1, Section 27 ....................................................... 13 2.1.2 Pennsylvania History Code (Title 37, Historical and Museums) ................................... 14 2.1.3 Title 9: Burial Grounds ................................................................................................... 16 2.1.4 Historic Burial Places Preservation Act ......................................................................... 16 2.1.5 Section 2002 of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Act No. 120 of 1970 .................. 17 2.2 Local .......................................................................................................................... 18 2.2.1 Pittsburgh CLG and HRC .............................................................................................. 18 2.3 Federal ...................................................................................................................... 1 9 2.3.1 National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as Amended (NHPA) ................................ 19 2.3.2 Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA) ............ 20 2.3.3 U.S. Department of Transportation Act of 1966, as Amended ...................................... 21 3.0 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND .................................................... 22 3.1 Geography of the Area............................................................................................... 22 3.1.1 Terraces at the Point ..................................................................................................... 22 3.2 Pre-Contact Period .................................................................................................... 25 3.2.1 Paleo-Indian (9,500–8,000 BCE) .................................................................................. 25 3.2.2 Archaic (8,000–1,000 BCE ) .......................................................................................... 26 3.2.3 Woodland (1,000 BCE–1550 CE) ................................................................................. 26 3.2.4 Monongahela Culture (1050–1630 CE) ........................................................................ 27 3.3 Contact Period (1630–1783 CE) ................................................................................ 27 i Point State Park CRMP Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 3.3.1 French and Indian War (1754–1763) ............................................................................ 28 3.3.2 Pontiac’s War (1763-1766) ............................................................................................ 30 3.3.3 American Revolution (1765-1783)................................................................................. 31 3.4 Post-Contact Period (1784–Present) ......................................................................... 33 3.4.1 American Settlement (1784–1854) ............................................................................... 33 3.4.2 Industrial Era (1855–1950) ............................................................................................ 36 3.4.3 Point State Park (1945 - Present) ................................................................................. 40 4.0 CULTURAL RESOURCES AT POINT STATE PARK ................... 46 4.1 Cultural Resource Terminology .................................................................................. 46 4.2 Recorded Resources ................................................................................................. 47 4.3 Previous Cultural Resources Work ............................................................................ 48 4.4 Reported and Potential Resources ............................................................................ 53 4.5 Human Remains ........................................................................................................ 54 4.5.1 Fort Duquesne Burials ................................................................................................... 54 4.5.2 Mercer’s Fort Burial Ground .......................................................................................... 55 4.5.3 Fort Pitt-Era Burial at the Point ...................................................................................... 55 4.5.4 Grant’s Hill Fill ............................................................................................................... 56 5.0 IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY ................................................. 58 5.1 Staff Familiarity with the CRMP ................................................................................. 58 5.2 Training ..................................................................................................................... 5 8 5.3 Identify Professional Cultural Resources Support ...................................................... 58 5.4 SHPO Review and Consultation ................................................................................ 59 5.4.1 Threats to Historic Resources ....................................................................................... 59 5.4.2 Consultation Process .................................................................................................... 59 5.5 Other Consultation ..................................................................................................... 66 5.6 Exemptions Matrix ..................................................................................................... 66 5.6.1 How to Use the Exemptions Matrix ............................................................................... 67 5.6.2 Exemptions Matrix ......................................................................................................... 70 5.7 Review and Refinement of the CRMP ........................................................................ 73 5.8 CRMP and Interpretation ........................................................................................... 73 5.9 Additional Considerations for Cultural Resources ...................................................... 73 5.10 Conclusion ................................................................................................................. 74 6.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY ......................................................................... 75 ii Point State Park CRMP Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 7.0 APPENDICES............................................................................. 87 Appendix A: Cultural Resources Technical Support .......................................................... 89 Appendix B: Cultural Resources Management Units ....................................................... 103 Appendix C: Stakeholder Consultation ............................................................................ 179 Appendix D: Tribal Engagement ...................................................................................... 183 Appendix E: Curation Plan .............................................................................................. 187 Appendix F: Public Archaeology ...................................................................................... 194 Appendix G: Cultural Resources Unanticipated Discoveries Plan .................................... 198 Appendix H: Human Remains Treatment Plan ................................................................ 201 Appendix I: Current Park Guidelines and Policies Recommendations ............................. 204 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1. POINT STATE PARK (RICKETTS ET AL. 2012) .......................................................................................