Large print guide BATTLE OF BRITAIN Hangar 4 The Battle of Britain was one of the major turning points of the Second World War. From the airfield of Duxford to the skies over southern England, follow the course of the battle and discover the stories of the people who were there. Scramble Paul Day 2005 Scramble is a bronze maquette model for part of the Battle of Britain Monument in central London. The monument features many scenes relating to military and civilian life during the Battle of Britain. The centre piece, Scramble, shows pilots running toward their aircraft after receiving orders to intercept an incoming air attack. ZONE 1 Defeat in France May – June 1940 Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939, two days after the country invaded Poland. Several months later, on 10 May 1940, Germany attacked Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands and France in a rapid ‘Blitzkrieg’ offensive. During a brief, but costly campaign, Britain deployed multiple Royal Air Force (RAF) squadrons to France. The aircraft were sent to support the British Expeditionary Force fighting on the ground and to counter Germany’s powerful air force, the Luftwaffe. Within 6 weeks, France had fallen. The remaining British, French and other Allied troops retreated to the coast, where over half a million were evacuated. The majority departed from the port of Dunkirk. On 22 June, France surrendered to Germany. Britain had lost its main ally and now found itself open to invasion. · 3 September 1939: Britain and France declare war on Germany · 10 May 1940: Germany invades Luxembourg, Belgium, the Netherlands and France · 10 May: Neville Chamberlain resigns as British Prime Minister and is replaced by Winston Churchill · 14 May: British War Minister Anthony Eden calls for men to enrol in the new Local Defence Volunteers (LDV) · 26 May: The evacuation of Dunkirk begins · 17 June: The last RAF squadrons leave France · 18 June: Winston Churchill declares that ‘the Battle of Britain is about to begin’ · 22 June: France signs armistice with Nazi Germany Hurricanes over France The Hawker Hurricane was the main RAF fighter aircraft flown in France when the Germans invaded in May 1940. The RAF was reluctant to send over too many fighters, believing they would be needed to defend Britain. The Hurricanes performed well, shooting down over 300 German aircraft before they were withdrawn to cover the Dunkirk evacuations. Of the 452 Hurricanes sent to France, only 66 returned to Britain. Most were destroyed on the ground or abandoned. This Hurricane Mk. IIb, though not a type used in 1940, is painted with the markings of 111 Squadron, which fought over France. Equipment losses When the British Expeditionary Force was evacuated from France in June 1940, saving lives was the priority. As a result, the majority of its equipment, including tanks, vehicles and guns, was left behind. This lack of equipment and ammunition made Britain vulnerable to air attack and possible invasion. Until the Army could reequip, the defence of Britain was left to the Navy and Air Force. Bofors gun This 40 mm Bofors Mk I light anti-aircraft gun (left, behind) was one of the few to return to Britain. Over 100 were left in France. It was evacuated from the French port of Brest on 18 June 1940, less than a week after it had been sent to France with 170 Battery, 57th Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment. 170 Battery was the only light anti-aircraft unit to return to Britain with all of its guns. It was then sited in Kent to defend London and the Thames Estuary from air attack during the Battle of Britain. Gunner Arthur Hicks Arthur Hicks celebrated his 21st birthday on 8 May 1940, whilst stationed on the French-Belgian border with his six-man Bofors gun team. Two days later, Hicks woke up to the sound of bombs falling in the distance. His team was quickly sent into Belgium to counter the German invasion. Eventually, they were forced to retreat to the coastal town of La Panne, near Dunkirk. Setting up their gun on the beach, they fended off German air attacks for four days. Hicks and his team were evacuated on the night of 31 May after dismantling their Bofors gun and throwing its working parts into the sea. ZONE 2 Channel Battle July – August 1940 Following the British evacuation from France, Germany’s leader, Adolf Hitler, believed that Britain could be persuaded to negotiate. When it became clear that the country would continue fighting, Hitler planned an invasion. Britain’s main defence – the aircraft of RAF Fighter Command – had to be defeated first. The Luftwaffe began attacking supply convoys in the English Channel, as well as ports and naval installations along the south coast. These attacks disrupted Britain’s vital supply lines and drew RAF fighters into battle to test their strength. Although the Luftwaffe initially inflicted heavy l osses on shipping, it soon became clear that RAF Fighter Command was stronger and better organised than expected. · 4 July 1940: Luftwaffe dive bombers attack British supply convoys in the Channel · 10 July: The Luftwaffe begins a concentrated offensive against Channel shipping and coastal installations · 10 July: Fighter Command’s first Czech squadron is formed at RAF Duxford · 13 July: Fighter Command’s first Polish squadron is formed at RAF Leconfield · 16 July: Hitler orders preparations for an invasion of Britain codenamed ‘Operation Sealion’ · 22 July: The Local Defence Volunteers are renamed the ‘Home Guard’ · 24 July: RAF Duxford’s 19 Squadron is deployed to the nearby satellite airfield at Fowlmere · 26 July: Britain prohibits daylight convoy movements through the Straits of Dover · 1 August: Hitler orders the Luftwaffe to destroy Fighter Command by attacking its airfields and aircraft industry · 11 August: 25 RAF pilots are killed in action, the highest number of losses on a single day during the battle The Luftwaffe Despite restrictions imposed on Germany after the First World War, the Nazis secretly established a new air force known as the Luftwaffe. By 1939, this air force was larger than Britain’s RAF. Although German pilots were well-trained and more experienced than their British counterparts, the Luftwaffe’s Supreme Commander Hermann Goering lacked a clear strategy for defeating the RAF. Photo courtesy of Michael Meyer via Donald L. Caldwell Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-3 The Luftwaffe’s main fighter during the battle was the Messerschmitt Bf 109. A fast and highly manoeuvrable aircraft, its performance exceeded the RAF’s Hawker Hurricane and was matched only by the Supermarine Spitfire. This Bf 109 E-3 (W.Nr. 1190) was flown by Luftwaffe pilots from Jagdgeschwader 26 during the Battles of France and Britain. The aircraft has been restored to its appearance at the end of the Battle of Britain. Find out what happened to this aircraft on the other side of the display. Luftwaffe and RAF fighter units The main Luftwaffe fighter unit was known as a Jagdgeschwader. A Jagdgeschwader was made up of three or more Gruppen, which were in turn divided into three Staffeln. A Staffel consisted of nine to twelve aircraft, further divided into three Schwärme of four aircraft each, and divided again into two Rotten of two aircraft each. An operational RAF fighter squadron consisted of twelve aircraft, which were divided into two ‘flights’ of six aircraft or four ‘sections’ of three aircraft. Squadrons sometimes combined into a ‘wing’ of three or more. Hauptmann Karl Ebbighausen This Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-3 was flown by 26-year-old Hauptmann (Captain) Karl Ebbighausen of Jagdgeschwader 26 during the Battles of France and Britain. A veteran of the Spanish Civil War and Polish campaign, Ebbighausen was appointed commander of 4 Staffel during the French campaign. He shot down five Allied aircraft, including a Spitfire over Dunkirk. He was later given command of II Gruppe fighters and led the unit into action over the Channel and Britain. After adding two more Spitfires to his tally, Ebbighausen went missing on 16 August after being attacked by RAF pilots of 266 Squadron. Photo courtesy of Michael Meyer via Donald L. Caldwell Channel convoys Anti-aircraft guns like this 12-pounder Mk. VR were often mounted on British naval ships to protect them from air attack. Britain relied on the Merchant Navy to bring vital supplies from abroad. These ships formed protective convoys, often escorted by warships. German air and sea attacks on convoys passing through the Channel threatened Britain’s lifeline. The Navy demanded increased protection from the air, but the RAF refused to send too many fighters over the Channel. Pilots who bailed out or crash- landed on water were much less likely to survive, and their aircraft would be lost permanently. British defences In response to the threat of German invasion, Britain built a network of defensive structures along the coast and around strategic locations like airfields. This rotating steel Alan Williams turret (right) was placed near the village of Nazeing in Essex, while the retractable concrete Pickett Hamilton fort (centre) was installed at RAF West Malling. To make up for equipment lost in France, the Army was forced to improvise. For example, vehicles like the Standard Beaverette armoured car (left) were built on the chassis of civilian saloon cars. Barrage balloons Massive hydrogen-filled ‘barrage’ balloons formed another line of Britain’s defence. They were manoeuvred into position and raised using special vehicles, like this Fordson WOT 1 balloon winch (far left). Operated by the RAF’s Balloon Command, barrage balloons were placed near important locations and could reach heights of 5,000 feet. Their presence around a target forced Luftwaffe aircraft to fly at higher altitudes, which reduced bombing accuracy and made dive bombing almost impossible.