View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Sabanci University Research Database AN ANALYSIS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION’S CONFLICT RESOLUTION INTERVENTION IN POST-CONFLICT CROATIA AND THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA By ATHINA GIANNAKI Submitted Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabanci University June 2007 ii AN ANALYSIS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION’S CONFLICT RESOLUTION INTERVENTION IN POST-CONFLICT CROATIA AND THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA By ATHINA GIANNAKI Submitted Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sabanci University June 2007 iii To my family and Andreas iv © Athina G. Giannaki 2007 All Rights Reserved v ABSTRACT AN ANALYSIS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION’S CONFLICT RESOLUTION INTERVENTION IN POST-CONFLICT CROATIA AND THE FORMER YUGOSLAV REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA Athina Giannaki M.A. in Conflict Analysis and Resolution Supervisor: Dr. Nimet Beriker Croatia and the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM) are two countries which have been established after the disintegration of Yugoslavia, in 1991. Shortly after its independence and till 1995 Croatia faced a bloody civil war, between the government and the Serbian minority of the country. FYROM avoided a full scaled war, but it faced a destructive crisis in 2001 between the government and the Albanian minority. The crisis, however, was managed quickly, especially with the help of the international community. This thesis examines the type of European Union’s (EU) intervention, as a third party, in the post-conflict environment of the two countries. A short comparison of the two cases indicates the commonalities and differences between them. The data used in this thesis were mainly gathered from various European Union’s official documents. vi The results of the thesis suggest that for both cases the EU’s intervention was primarily a structural intervention. Key words: EU, Croatia, FYROM, third party, structural intervention vii ÖZET UYU ŞMAZLIK SONRASI HIRVAT İSTAN VE ESK İ YUGOSLAV MAKEDONYA CUMHUR İYET İ’DEK İ AVRUPA B İRL İĞİ UYU ŞMAZLIK ÇÖZÜMÜ MÜDAHALELER İNİN ANAL İZİ Athina Giannaki Uyu şmazlık Analizi ve Çözümü Yüksek Lisans, Sanatta Yeterlilik Tezi Tez Danı şmanı: Doç. Dr. Nimet Beriker Avrupa Birli ği, bölgesel bir örgüt olarak, son birkaç on yılda uyu şmazlık önleme ve barı ş in şası konularında tüm dünyada üçüncü taraf olarak etkin bir katılım sergilemektedir. Ancak AB, Avrupa kıtasında daha da aktiftir ve bu tezin inceledi ği iki vaka sözkonusu kıtayı kapsamaktadır. Hırvatistan ve Eski Yugoslav Makedonya Cumhuriyeti (EYMC), 1991’de Yugoslavya’nın da ğılması sonrasında olu şmu ş iki ülkedir. Hırvatistan, ba ğımsızlı ğını kazanmasının hemen akabinde ba şlayıp 1995 yılına kadar süren ve hükümetle ülkedeki Sırp azınlık arasında gerçekle şen, kanlı bir iç sava ş ya şamı ştır. EYMC ise, 2001’de tam anlamıyla bir sava şa mani olunmuşsa da, hükümet ve Arnavut azınlık arasında yıkıcı bir krizle yüzle şmi ştir. Ancak bu kriz, özellikle de uluslararası toplumun yardımıyla hızlı bir şekilde yönetilmi ştir. Bu tez Avrupa Birli ği (AB)’nin, üçüncü taraf olarak, her iki ülkedeki uyu şmazlık sonrası ortama müdahalesinin türünü incelemektedir. İki vakanın kısa bir kar şıla ştırması viii aralarındaki benzerlik ve farklara dikkat çekmektedir. Tezde kullanılan bilgiler temel olarak çe şitli resmi Avrupa Birli ği dökümanlarından toplanmı ştır. Tezin sonuçları, her iki vaka için de AB’nin müdahalesinin özde bir yapısal müdahale şeklinde oldu ğu göstermi ştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: AB, Hırvatistan, EYMC, üçüncü taraf, yapısal müdahale ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Nimet Beriker, for all the help she provided me during the year. Her contribution for the completion of this work has been enormous, and for that I am grateful to her. I would also like to thank my professors, Dr. Ayse Betul Celik and Dr. Benjamin Broome, who both were in my committee, for their valuable comments, especially during the last stages of the research. Lastly, I would like to thank Dr. Bratislav Pantelic for the essential remarks he provided me with, especially for the historical background chapter. Moreover, I would like to express my gratitude to certain people, who have been on my side during the research and writing process. Among them I would like to thank Thomai Iasonidou, Thanasis Gatsias and Konstantia Samara, for their support and insights made this journey bearable and meaningful. Their friendship is very valuable for me. I especially want to thank Andreas Kotelis whose companionship during the process of writing this thesis has been one of the most important variables that contributed to its realization. Last, but not least, I want to thank my parents and my brother, for their moral and financial support during the last two years of my studies. x TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVRIATIONS Chapter One. Introduction .......................................................................................................................1 Chapter Two. Literature Review ..............................................................................................................4 Literature Review .....................................................................................................................................4 Methodology ...........................................................................................................................................20 Chapter Three. The European Union ......................................................................................................24 Chapter Four. Historical Background .....................................................................................................46 Croatia ....................................................................................................................................................54 The conflict between Croats and Serbs .........................................................................................54 Conflict Resolution attempts by the international community ......................................................57 Croatia’s current situation .............................................................................................................59 The Former YugoslavRepublic of Macedonia ........................................................................................62 The conflict between Slav Macedonians and Macedonian Albanians ..........................................62 Conflict Resolution attempts by the international community ......................................................65 The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonian’s current situation .............................................68 Cases’ comparison ..................................................................................................................................69 Chapter Five. European Union’s third party intervention in the post-conflict Croatia and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia ..........................................................................................................72 Croatia ....................................................................................................................................................72 The former Yugoslav Republic of Maedonia .........................................................................................82 Chapter Six. Analyses ............................................................................................................................94 Croatia ....................................................................................................................................................94 The former Yugoslav Republic of Maedonia .........................................................................................99 Chapter Seven. Conclusion ..................................................................................................................106 References ............................................................................................................................................118 xi List of tables Table 1 ....................................................................................................................................................18 Table 2 ....................................................................................................................................................59 Table 3 ....................................................................................................................................................68 Table 4 ....................................................................................................................................................71 Table 5 ..................................................................................................................................................104 Table 6 ..................................................................................................................................................104 xii ABBREVRIATIONS CFSP CIVCOM Common Foreign and Security Policy Committee for Civilian Aspects of Crisis CR Management CSPs Conflict Resolution EAR Country Strategy Papers EC European Agency for Reconstruction ECHO European Community ENP European Humanitarian Aid Office ESS