USAID GLOBAL HEALTH SUPPLY CHAIN PROGRAM Procurement and Supply Management Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Landscape Analysis: APPLICATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT An in-depth landscape analysis of the various actors, objectives, and lessons learned from existing UAV programs operating within the humanitarian supply chain Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Landscape Analysis: APPLICATIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Chemonics International Inc. under USAID Global Health Supply Chain Program-Procurement and Supply Management Contract NO.AID-OAA-I-15-00004/Task Order No.AID-OAA-TO-15-00007. Recommended citation: USAID Global Health Supply Chain Program-Procurement and Supply Management, Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Landscape Analysis:Applications in the Development Context, February 2017, Washington, DC: Chemonics International Inc. Cover photo: Quad copter in fight. (Credit: Don Mccullough / Flickr Creative Commons) DISCLAIMER: The authors’ views expressed in this publication do not necessarily refect the views of the U.S. Agency for International Development or the U.S. government. UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS 112 INTRODUCTION The USAID Global Health Supply Chain Program – Procurement and Supply Management (GHSC-PSM) project functions to ensure uninterrupted supplies of health commodities in support of U.S. government (USG)-funded public health initiatives around the world. It is a USAID program implemented by Chemonics International. GHSC-PSM is working with USAID to explore the potential of incorporating unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for moving health commodities through public health supply chains, with a goal of undertaking a pilot by the end of 2017. There are few practitioners using UAVs for cargo delivery in the development context. With the size of the project and its focus, GHSC-PSM is in a unique position to begin incorporating UAV technology. As a frst step, GHSC-PSM completed the UAV Landscape Analysis to assess the various technologies, UAV actors, regulations, pilots undertaken, and lessons learned from existing use of UAVs in the development context. This analysis is being used to inform the project’s work toward a pilot project. GHSC-PSM anticipates that incorporating UAVs into its supply chains could have signifcant benefcial impact on how commodities, emergency cargo and lab tests are moved around countries in the future. The project also anticipates that the analysis will be a resource for others interested in this sector. The contact for GHSC-PSM on UAV activities is Scott Dubin – Sr. Distribution & Transportation Specialist, [email protected]. UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS 113 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................................................................6 A. Background:The Growing Use of UAVs in the Development Context..................................................................................6 B. Applications in the Humanitarian Sector ..................................................................................................................................................6 C. The UAV Landscape Analysis...........................................................................................................................................................................8 D. Scope of Work and Methodology.................................................................................................................................................................8 E. Workfow and Expected Results ...................................................................................................................................................................9 II. TECHNOLOGY, ACTORS, AND REGULATIONS.................................................................................................11 A. UAV Types and Technology.............................................................................................................................................................................11 B. UAV Types: Fixed-Wing, Multi-Rotor and Hybrid..............................................................................................................................11 C. Commercial Drone Projects..........................................................................................................................................................................14 D. UAV Actors and Partnerships in the Humanitarian Sector.........................................................................................................15 E. UAV Regulations...................................................................................................................................................................................................16 F. Perception of UAVs............................................................................................................................................................................................16 III. KEY CASE STUDIES..........................................................................................................................................................................26 A. Case Study 1: MSF Using Multi-Copter Drone to Transport Tuberculosis Sputum Samples in Papua New Guinea.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................26 B. Case Study 2: UAV Transportation of Blood and Stool Samples in Madagascar.........................................................27 C . Case Study 3: Using Drones to Transport Dried Blood Spot Samples with Comparative Cost Analysis in Malawi..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................28 D. Case Study 4: Delivering Transfusion Blood and Other Medical Items Across Rwanda..........................................29 E. Case Study 5: UAVs in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Stockholm County, Sweden ........................................31 F. Case Study 6: UAVs in Community Emergency Response Teams in the Maldives.....................................................32 IV. CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................................................................................................33 A. SWOT Analysis of UAVs in the Humanitarian Supply Chain.......................................................................................................33 B. Health Economic Analysis.................................................................................................................................................................................33 C.The Way Forward: Final Evaluation and Recommendations.........................................................................................................35 REFERENCES......................................................................................................................................................................................................37 ANNEX 1: LIST OF HUMANITARIAN UAV PROJECTS TO DATE..........................................................43 ANNEX 2: HUMANITARIAN UAV CODE OF CONDUCT AND GUIDELINES...........................49 ANNEX 3: LIST OF CURRENTLY AVAILABLE UAVS............................................................................................56 UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS 114 LIST OF PICTURES, TABLES AND FIGURES FIGURE 1: Map Showing the Locations of Some Known Humanitarian UAV Projects ......................................8 FIGURE 2: Methodology,Workfow, and Expected Results....................................................................................10 PICTURE 1: Fixed-Wing UAV .....................................................................................................................................12 PICTURE 2: Multi-Rotor UAV ....................................................................................................................................12 PICTURE 3: Hybrid UAV..............................................................................................................................................13 TABLE 1: Comparative Merits of Different UAV Technologies .............................................................................13 TABLE 2: Current Laws and Regulations in Relation to the Use of UAVs in PEPFAR Countries ...................................................................................................................................18 FIGURE 3: SWOT Analysis ...........................................................................................................................................33 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AED ............................................................................................................................... Automated external defbrillator ART ................................................................................................................................................... Antiretroviral