Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz TE MANA WHATU AHURU Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz TE MANA WHATU AHURU Report on Te Rohe Pōtae Claims P r e - p u b l i c a t i o n V e r s i o n part v W A I 8 9 8 W A I T A N G I T R I B U N A L R E P O R T 2 0 2 0 Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz ISBN 978-0-908810-95-6 (PDF) www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Typeset by the Waitangi Tribunal Published 2020 by the Waitangi Tribunal, Wellington, New Zealand 24 23 22 21 20 5 4 3 2 1 Set in Adobe Minion Pro and Cronos Pro Opticals Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz CONTENTS Letter of transmittal ix Preface xi He Kupu Whakamārama i tēnei Pūrongo : Introduction to Part v xiii Chapter 23 : Te Oranga o ngā Tāngata : Health and Well-being, 1886 to the Present 1 23 1 Introduction 1 23 1 1 The purpose of this chapter 1 23 1 2 How this chapter is structured 2 23 2 Issues 3 23 2 1 What other Tribunals have said 3 23 2 1 1 Health and housing 3 23 2 1 2 Urban migration and dispersal from homelands 5 23 2 1 3 Employment 6 23 2 1 4 Tribal identity 8 23 2 1 5 Liquor control 9 23 2 1 6 Protection from racial discrimination 10 23 2 2 Crown concessions and acknowledgements 10 23 2 3 23 2 3 Claimant and Crown arguments 10 23 2 3 1 Health and housing 10 23 2 3 2 Urban migration and dispersal from homeland 12 23 2 3 3 Employment 12 23 2 3 4 Tribal identity 13 23 2 3 5 Protection from racial discrimination 13 23 2 3 6 Liquor control 14 23 2 4 Issues for discussion 14 23 3 Health and housing 15 23 3 1 Did the Tribunal receive sufficient evidence for the period before 1900 and the period beyond ? 15 23 3 2 Te Rohe Pōtae Māori health and housing before 1900 16 23 3 2 1 Te Rohe Pōtae Māori concepts of medicine and healing 16 23 3 2 2 Late nineteenth-century population 17 23 3 2 3 What was the status of pre-1900 Māori health ? 18 23 3 2 4 What medical assistance did the Crown provide in the nineteenth century ? 20 v Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Contents 23 3 3 Te Rohe Pōtae Māori health and housing from 1900 to 1938 23 23 3 3 1 What was the impact of the public health reforms of 1900 ? 23 23 3 3 2 What was the impact of the Tohunga Suppression Act 1907 ? 26 23 3 3 3 What was the impact of the influenza epidemic of 1918 and the health reforms of 1919–20 ? 29 23 3 3 4 What was the provision of hospitals, doctors, and nurses ? 33 23 3 3 5 What were the ongoing effects of poverty ? 37 23 3 4 Te Rohe Pōtae Māori and health and housing from 1938 to 1990 40 23 3 4 1 What Māori-specific provision was made in State healthcare ? 40 23 3 4 2 What was the nature of the Māori demographic and health transition ? 45 23 3 4 3 What was the state of Māori housing and what support did the Crown provide ? 48 23 3 4 4 What trends occurred in Māori mental health and what support did the Crown provide ? 53 23 3 5 Contemporary Te Rohe Pōtae Māori health and housing 54 23 3 5 1 What are current Māori health standards ? 54 23 3 5 2 What are current Māori housing standards ? 58 23 3 6 Treaty analysis and findings 59 23 4 Urban migration and dispersal from the homeland 66 23 4 1 What was the nature and impact of urban migration ? 66 23 4 2 What are the impediments to return migration to tūrangawaewae ? 71 23 4 3 Treaty analysis and findings 74 23 5 Employment 75 23 5 1 What have been the patterns of Te Rohe Pōtae Māori employment ? 75 23 5 2 Treaty analysis and findings 80 23 6 Tribal identity 82 23 6 1 The grievances of Ngāti Te Wehi and Ngāti Hikairo 82 23 6 2 Attempts to revitalise or reawaken hapū 84 23 6 3 Treaty analysis and findings 85 23 7 Racial discrimination 87 23 7 1 Picture theatre segregation and exclusion from clubs 87 23 7 2 Treaty analysis and findings 88 23 8 Liquor control 89 23 8 1 The establishment of the no-licence district and the application of national liquor legislation 89 23 8 2 Why did the Te Rohe Pōtae leadership request licences, 1891–1900 ? 92 23 8 3 How did the prohibitionists prevail, 1900–14 ? 96 23 8 4 The first and second Hockley committees of 1921 and 1923 101 23 8 5 How did the licensing debate proceed from the mid-1920s to the mid-1940s ? 107 vi Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Contents 23 8 6 What was the outcome of the Royal Commission on Licensing ? 112 23 8 7 What were the results of the referenda of 1949 and 1954 ? 116 23 8 8 What happened after Te Rohe Pōtae liquor availability was liberalised ? 120 23 8 9 Treaty analysis and findings 122 23 9 Prejudice 125 23 10 Summary of findings 126 23 10 1 Health and housing 126 23 10 2 Urban migration and dispersal from homeland 127 23 10 3 Employment 127 23 10 4 Tribal identity 127 23 10 5 Racial discrimination 127 23 10 6 Alcohol control 128 Chapter 24 : Ngā Mahi Whakaako me te Ahua o te Reo 129 24 1 Introduction 129 24 1 1 The purpose of this chapter 130 24 1 2 How the chapter is structured 131 24 2 Issues 131 24 2 1 What other Tribunals have said 131 24 2 2 Crown concessions 134 24 2 3 Claimant and Crown arguments 134 24 2 3 1 Access to education 136 24 2 3 2 Consultation 137 24 2 3 3 Intended outcomes of the education system 138 24 2 3 4 Te reo Māori 139 24 2 4 Issues for discussion 141 24 3 Did the Crown ensure Te Rohe Pōtae Māori had access to quality primary education in the period 1840 to 1969 ? 142 24 3 1 Māori forms of education 142 24 3 2 The mission schools, 1840s–60 145 24 3 3 The State school system (1867–1969) 148 24 3 3 1 Native schools in Te Rohe Pōtae 152 24 3 3 2 Māori pupils in the State school system in Te Rohe Pōtae 162 24 3 4 Tribunal analysis and findings 168 24 4 Did the Crown ensure Te Rohe Pōtae Māori had access to quality secondary education in the period 1840 to 1970 ? 173 24 4 1 Māori secondary school participation at the national level 173 24 4 2 Māori secondary participation in the inquiry district 177 24 4 3 Tribunal analysis and findings 180 24 5 Has the Crown ensured Te Rohe Pōtae Māori have access to quality education in the post-1970 period ? 181 24 5 1 Early childhood education 182 vii Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Contents 24 5 2 Primary and post-primary schools 187 24 5 2 1 The national picture 187 24 5 2 2 Schooling in the inquiry district 191 24 5 3 Tertiary education 194 24 5 4 Tribunal analysis and findings 196 24 6 Did the Crown consult Te Rohe Pōtae Māori on important decisions to do with their education ? 197 24 6 1 Consultation at the primary school level 197 24 6 2 Consultation at the secondary school level 204 24 6 3 Consultation after Tomorrow’s Schools 205 24 6 4 Tribunal analysis and findings 206 24 7 What were the intended outcomes of the Crown’s education system in Te Rohe Pōtae and did it succeed ? 208 24 7 1 Assimilating Māori ? 209 24 7 2 The place of Māori culture and language in the school system 216 24 7 3 A working-class education ? 221 24 7 4 From Hunn to Closing the Gaps : 1960s to the 2000s 224 24 7 5 Ka Hikitia : a Māori potential approach 227 24 7 6 Tribunal analysis and findings 228 24 8 What has been the Crown’s role in the historical decline and survival of te reo Māori ? 233 24 8 1 Long-term trends in te reo usage 233 24 8 2 Tribunal analysis and findings 238 24 9 Prejudice 241 24 10 Summary of findings 243 viii Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Downloaded from www.waitangitribunal.govt.nz Waitangi Tribunal Te Rōpū Whakamana i te Tiriti o Waitangi Kia puta ki te whai ao, ki te mārama The Honourable Nanaia Mahuta Minister for Māori Development The Honourable Andrew Little Minister for Treaty of Waitangi Negotiations The Honourable Kelvin Davis Minister for Māori Crown Relations : Te Arawhiti Parliament Buildings Wellington 8 June 2020 E ngā Minita, tēnā koutou Tihē mauri ora e ngā Minita. Anei rā te tuawhā o ngā pūrongo mō Te Rohe Pōtae.