Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-74362-4 - Cambridge IGCSE First Language English Workbook, Third Edition Marian Cox Excerpt More information Unit 1 Olympic Games Reading 1 Read the article below. Passage A: The Olympic fl ame he carrying of the Olympic fl ame from its source in TOlympia in Greece is one of the more spectacular features of the Games. It is also one of the ways in which the modern Games are linked to the original Ancient Greek games of 2500 years ago, although when the modern Olympic Games were fi rst held in Athens in 1896, the Olympic fl ame played no part. It was not introduced into the opening ceremony until the 1928 Games in Amsterdam, and the relay, the carrying of the fl ame from Olympia itself, was only introduced eight years later, at the celebrated Berlin Games of 1936. The fl ame was lit at Olympia by women wearing traditional Greek costume and it was then carried by relays of runners the 1910 miles overland to Berlin in 12 days. They passed through fi ve other countries on the way. Sometimes the fl ame goes out, and a backup lantern is always carried from Olympia in case relighting is necessary. In 1976 and 1984 this happened and the torch was successfully relit. The 1964 Tokyo Olympics involved the largest number of torch-bearing runners: 101,839. The longest Olympic relay was for the 2000 Sydney Olympics, when the torch travelled 37,500 miles through 14 countries over 120 days. The Olympic fl ame features in both summer and winter Olympics. For the 2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics, 11,500 individual torches were manufactured, one for each participating runner; fresh torches were lit from the Olympic lantern each morning, and each of the runners was given the option of purchasing their torch as a memento. Once the Olympic fl ame fi nally arrives at the Games stadium, it is used for the ceremonial lighting of the Olympic cauldron, the giant fl ame which burns throughout the Games and forms the symbolic focus of the event. It is the dramatic physical reminder of nearly three millennia of Olympic tradition. Unit 1 Olympic Games 1 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-74362-4 - Cambridge IGCSE First Language English Workbook, Third Edition Marian Cox Excerpt More information Language and Style 2 Give synonyms for the following words, as they are used in Passage A. Look up any words you do not know. a source f manufactured b spectacular g participating c celebrated h option d backup i memento e features j focus 3 Next to each of the above words, write which part of speech it is, as used in Passage A. Write N for noun, V for verb and Adj for adjective. 4 Look at the word millennia in the last line of Passage A. In two lists, give as many other words as you can think of using the prefi x mill(i) (meaning thousand) and the stem ann or enn (meaning year). An example of each has been given to start you off. mill(i) ann/enn c_bb_]hWc Wdd_l[hiWho Reading 5 Read the following article. Passage B: The Olympic story Olympic Games as an opportunity to The Ancient Olympic Games were wild olive branches. He then went on to bring peace to the perpetually warring held at Olympia in southern Greece. build the Olympic stadium, which is 200 , after city-states of the Greek world, and A popular myth identifi es Heracles metres long, in honour of his father for more than a thousand years this and his father Zeus as the creators of completing his legendary 12 labours. was achieved. From the fi rst of the the Games. Heracles, the eldest son, In the 8th century BC, the oracle at quadrennial Games in 776 BC, the defeated his brothers in a running race Delphi urged King Iphitos to use the and was crowned with a wreath of 2 Unit 1 Olympic Games © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-74362-4 - Cambridge IGCSE First Language English Workbook, Third Edition Marian Cox Excerpt More information Olympic Truce, or Ekecheiria, was total world peace during declared seven days before the the time of the Games opening of the Games and continued was not achieved: three for seven days after the close. This Olympiads were missed not only enabled competitors to travel because of World War to Olympia in safety, but also meant I and World War II, and that for the duration of the Games in what is known as the old hostilities were put aside and all Munich massacre nine competed honourably and fairly in the athletes were killed after hope of bringing glory to their city. being abducted during the Games. The modern Games started in Athens 1500 years later, in 1896, thanks to The International Olympic the vision of Pierre de Frédy, Baron Committee (IOC), the the Greek fl ag and the host nation’s de Coubertin, who believed that the governing body of the modern Olympic fl ag. The national anthem of the gold French were defeated in the Franco- movement, was founded in 1894. It is medal winner’s country is played during Prussian war because the soldiers had the umbrella organisation whose job the presentation of the three medals not received proper physical education. is to ensure that the host city, after it after each event. At the end of the His vision was to bring together has been chosen in competition with Olympics, the fl ame is extinguished athletes from around the world to other contenders, meets its obligations. while the anthem is being played, and compete in a variety of sporting events The IOC visits the future host city to the fl ag is carried horizontally from under the motto Citius, Altius, Fortius check that the building works to house the stadium. Since 1968, there has (‘Swifter, Higher, Stronger’). He tried the events, accommodate the athletes been an Olympic mascot, an animal or to preserve as many features of the and visitors, and improve the transport human fi gure representing the cultural original Games as possible, including systems are all on schedule. The heritage of the host country; in 1980 the amateur status of the athletes. committee also makes all the important Misha, a Russian bear, made a popular decisions concerning the events appearance. The fi rst modern Olympics had only programme. French and English are nine events (athletics, cycling, fencing, Participation in the Games has the offi cial languages of the Olympic gymnastics, shooting, swimming, increased to the point that nearly every movement, plus the language of the tennis, weightlifting and wrestling) nation on earth is represented. Now the host country in each case. and fewer than 250 athletes took part, combined winter and summer Olympics representing 14 nations. Greece offered The fi ve Olympic rings were designed involve more than 10,000 competitors to host the Games permanently, but in 1913 and fi rst introduced on the from more than 200 countries, who the second Games took place in Paris, Olympic fl ag fl own at the Antwerp take part in 35 different sports and and it was here that women were fi rst Games in 1920. They represent the more than 400 events. This growth has allowed to compete. fi ve inhabited continents (with the created numerous challenges, including Americas regarded as one). The political boycotts, use of performance- The Olympic Games now constitute colours – red, blue, green, yellow and enhancing drugs, bribery of offi cials, an international multi-sport event black on a white background – were demands of sponsors, terrorist attacks for both summer and winter sports. chosen because each nation has at and the fi nancial commitment of a They were extended to include least one of these colours in its national host country, sometimes resulting in winter Games in 1924, fi rst held in fl ag. Other symbols and rituals were disapproval of the government by its Chamonix, France. Since 1994 they established during the late 19th and people. The artistic displays alone at have alternated on different four-year early 20th centuries. Most of these the opening ceremony of the Beijing cycles from the summer Games. The traditions are displayed during the Games reportedly cost $100 million. Paralympic Games (which began in opening and closing ceremonies, such It is one of the world’s largest media 1960 and are hosted by the same city as the Parade of Nations which opens events, with an estimated 3.7 billion as the summer Olympics) and the the Games, followed by the raising of television viewers, and is therefore an Youth Olympic Games have also been the Olympic fl ag, which must fly for irresistible opportunity for a country to added. Baron de Coubertin’s hope of the duration of the Games between promote itself. Unit 1 Olympic Games 3 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-74362-4 - Cambridge IGCSE First Language English Workbook, Third Edition Marian Cox Excerpt More information Language and Style 6 Find synonymous words or phrases for the following words, as used in Passage B. a duration f rituals b hostilities g extinguished c vision h mascot d motto i heritage e founded j boycotts 7 Underline the passive verb structures in Passage B. What effect do they have on the passage? Why do writers choose to use passive rather than active verbs in certain types of text? 8 English uses Greek and Latin prefixes for numbers.