from protest to pri son IrAn onE yEAr AftEr tHE ELECtIon amnesty international is a global movement of 2.8 million supporters, members and activists in more than 150 countries and territories who campaign to end grave abuses of human rights. our vision is for every person to enjoy all the rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of human rights and other international human rights standards. We are independent of any government, political ideology, economic interest or religion and are funded mainly by our membership and public donations. amnesty international publications first published in 2010 by amnesty international publications international secretariat peter Benenson house 1 easton street london Wc1X 0DW United Kingdom www.amnesty.org © amnesty international publications 2010 index: mDe 13/062/2010 original language: english printed by amnesty international, international secretariat, United Kingdom all rights reserved. this publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee for advocacy, campaigning and teaching purposes, but not for resale. the copyright holders request that all such use be registered with them for impact assessment purposes. for copying in any other circumstances, or for re-use in other publications, or for translation or adaptation, prior written permission must be obtained from the publishers, and a fee may be payable. Cover phot o: Demonstration in tehran following the disputed 12 June 2009 presidential election. © Javad montazeri Back cover phot o: a mass “show trial” in tehran’s revolutionary court, 25 august 2009; defendants are dressed in grey. © ap/pa photo/fars news agency, hasan Ghaedi CONTENTS 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................5 2. Who are the prisoners? ..............................................................................................8 Political activists .......................................................................................................9 Students and graduates............................................................................................10 Journalists ..............................................................................................................12 Filmmakers and other artists.....................................................................................13 Rights defenders .....................................................................................................13 Lawyers ..................................................................................................................16 Clerics....................................................................................................................17 People linked to members of banned groups...............................................................17 Members of ethnic and religious minorities ................................................................18 Workers and members of professional bodies..............................................................20 Family members of prominent figures and detainees ...................................................21 3. Arbitrary arrest and detention ...................................................................................22 Detention without charge or trial ...............................................................................24 Unacknowledged detention amounting to enforced disappearance ................................25 Iran’s detention centres and prisons ..........................................................................26 Evin Prison ..........................................................................................................28 Access to family members and legal representatives....................................................30 4. Torture and ‘confessions’ .........................................................................................33 Rape and other sexual abuse.................................................................................... 35 Threats against family members ............................................................................... 36 Poor prison conditions and denial of medical care ...................................................... 36 ‘Confessions’ .......................................................................................................... 38 5. Trials: the final gloss on a system of injustice............................................................ 40 Laws that restrict basic freedoms.............................................................................. 42 ‘Show trials’ – a travesty of justice ............................................................................ 43 Evin Prison’s court .................................................................................................. 44 Politically motivated use of the death penalty............................................................. 45 6. Impact on families.................................................................................................. 48 7. Impunity ............................................................................................................... 50 8. Life in exile ........................................................................................................... 53 9. Conclusion and Recommendations ........................................................................... 56 Endnotes................................................................................................................... 58 From protest to prison: Iran one year after the election 5 1. INTRODUCTION “The prisoner’s worst nightmare is the thought of being forgotten.” Maziar Bahari, Iranian-Canadian journalist, after his release from four months of detention in Evin Prison1 One year on from the disputed presidential election of June 2009, Iranians who want to criticize the Government or protest against mounting human rights violations face an ever- tightening gag as the authorities and the shadowy intelligence services – shaken to the core by the events which followed – consolidate their grip on the country and intensify the repression already in place for years. Iranians have moved from protest to prison, as the authorities resort to locking up hundreds of people in a vain attempt to silence voices peacefully expressing a dissenting view to the narrative which the authorities wish to provide of the election and its aftermath. Thousands of people – over 5,000 according to official statements, although the true figure is almost certainly higher – have been arrested during mass demonstrations which first erupted on 13 June 2009, the day after the election. Demonstrations took place steadily throughout June until mid-July 2009 in spite of the authorities’ determination to quell protests, then continued more sporadically on days of national importance, whenever public demonstrations were permitted.2 At the time of writing, demonstrations which took place during the religious festival of Ashoura, which fell on 27 December 2009, were the last mass demonstrations to occur since the election, when over 1,000 people were arrested, according to official figures. Attempts to hold further demonstrations on 11 February 2010, the anniversary of the founding of the Islamic Republic were prevented by the heavy presence of security forces. Most of those arrested have been released, although some have returned to prison to begin serving prison sentences, but may also spend short periods free on “temporary leave”. These “revolving prison doors” make it difficult to give precise numbers of those held at any one time. Those who demonstrated against the Government were met by security forces wielding batons, using tear gas and sometimes firing live rounds.3 Hundreds of others have been arrested at their homes or workplaces, usually by unidentified plain clothes officials bearing generic arrest warrants. Some have been detained in conditions amounting to cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment. Many have been tortured, including by beatings, rape and solitary confinement in small spaces for long periods. Hundreds have been sentenced after grossly unfair trials to lengthy prison sentences, while many others are still held without charge or trial. Some have been sentenced to death. At the same time, the Iranian authorities have passed new laws to restrict people writing on websites and established new security bodies to monitor web content. They have criminalized contact with over 60 foreign institutions, media organizations and NGOs – a move which can only be construed as an attempt to isolate Iranians and prevent news, including on human rights violations, from leaving the country.4 They have continued to close down newspapers that are deemed to cross the ever-shifting “red line” of what they consider to be acceptable. Websites and email services have been filtered or blocked and the police have warned that Index: MDE 13/062/2010 Amnesty International June 2010 6 From protest to prison: Iran one year after the election SMS messages are monitored.5 They have fired many university professors and staff on the grounds that they do not have sufficient “belief” in the Islamic Republic. Renewed efforts to implement “morality” codes concerning dress and gender segregation are underway which particularly impede women’s ability to function freely in society. They have issued numerous threatening statements and executed