LOVAK 18 (2018) • 1 Content SGEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE ISSN 1335-096X IMPORTANT GEOLOGICAL AND MONTANISTIC SITES OF SLOVAKIA Content Preface List of Acronyms 1. Liščák, P. & Antalík, M.: Information System of Important Geosites in the Slovak Republic .....................................5 2. Ozdín, D. & Kúšik, D.: Mineralogical Heritage of Slovakia – A Significant Contribution to Knowledge of Minerals in the World ......................................................................................................................69 3. Sombathy, E., Kúšik, D. & Mižák, J.: Slovak Mining Road ........................................................................................83 COVER: Left-up: Lava flows of pyroxenic andesite with conspicuous columnar jointing in the area of the hill Štangarígeľ (pen-and- ink drawing by Vlastimil Konečný). Right-up: A ceremonial visit to the Glanzenberg Hereditary Adit. Left-down: A qualitatively exceptional sample (10 x 6 cm) of the emerald-green euchroite from the Ľubietová – Svätodušná deposit. The size of the euchroite crystals is up to 2 cm. Finding of 2003 (Photo: T. Bancík). Right-down: Memorial Plaque commemorating a visit of Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor, spouse of Maria Theresa, to the Glanzenberg Hereditary Adit on June 7, 1751. Edited by: RNDr. Pavel Liščák, CSc. Mgr. Dušan Kúšik, PhD. Reviewers: RNDr. Boris Antal, CSc. Assoc. Prof. Štefan Ferenc, PhD. RNDr. Martina Moravcová, PhD. © State Geological Institute of Dionýz Štúr Bratislava 2018, Slovak Republic ISSN 1335-096X Preface Important Geological and Montanistic Sites of Slovakia Since the restoration of the Slovak Geological Magazine issuing in 2013 there has been published wide spectrum of themes covering both basic and applied research in geology. However, the theme of geoheritage and geotourism has not been covered yet, despite the SGIDŠ workers have significantly contributed also to this booming sector of geological science. We could mention the publishing of important geological sites in the scope of the edition of regional geological maps. SGIDŠ has published several geological-tourist maps, for instance Cerová vrchovina Upland, Vysoké Tatry and Vihorlat Mts., Zemplín region. The specialists from our institute played a key role in establishment of Banská Štiavnica, Novohrad and Sapag geoparks. The SGIDŠ website presents to the society almost 500 important geosites of Slovakia, which were elaborated in collaboration with prominent geologists from Faculty of Natural Science CU University and then Geological Institute of the Slovak Academy of Science. Nevertheless, despite the above activities, we have to admit, that due to the lack of the subject geology in the Slovak education system at elementary at elementary, but especially at high school since nineties of the previous century, we have experienced the down-warding trend in the geological knowledge level of the Slovak population. This is reflected also in declining number of students in geology and in degrading society perception of the environmental links among the compounds of the landscape – rocks, water, soil, atmosphere, and biota. If we look back to history for a few centuries to millennia, we have always met geomorphosites, gems and the raw materials that have motivated the human population, and have significantly affected the course of human history. Just remember, for example, the routes of obsidian, amber, salt, copper, iron, silver, gold and the fortification networks built to protect them. This volume of SGM includes three contributions devoted to information system on geosites of Slovakia, exceptional minerals from our territory and Slovak mining road connecting historic mining towns. Pavel Liščák & Dušan Kúšik LIST OF ACRONYMS a.s.l. above sea level BABB Back-Arc Basin Basalt BERG TU Faculty of Mining, Ecology, Process Control and Geotechnologies of Technical University E-MORB Enriched Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalt Fm. Formation GPS Global Positioning System HSCS Heritage Sites and Collections Subcommission HFSE High-Field-Strength Elements HSM High-Sulphidic Mineralisation IAG International Association of Geomorphologists ICG International Commission on Geoheritage IUGS International Union of Geological Sciences KI Kubler Index Mb. Member (Beds) MIAG Magnesite Industrial Joint-Stock Company (Magnesit Industrie Aktien-Gessellschaft) Mts. Mountains, Mountain Range NAPANT National Park Nízke Tatry NHM Natural History Museum NL National Landmark NNL National Nature Landmark NOŠ New Drainage Gallery (Nová odvodňovacia štôlňa) NP National Park n.p. National Enterprise (národný podnik) NNR National Nature Reserve NR Nature Reserve OIT Ocean-Island Tholeiite PF Protected Finding PIENAP Pieniny National Park PKB Pieniny Klippen Belt PLA Protected Landscape Area P-T Pressure-Temperature REE Rare Earth Elements SGIDS State Geological Institute of Dionýz Štúr SHRIMP Sensitive High-Resolution Ion Microprobe SIR Slovak Iron Road SMR Slovak Mining Road SNR Slovak National Council (Slovenská národná rada) SOP SR State Nature Conservancy of the Slovak Republic (Štátna ochrana prírody SR) SSPA Small-Scale Protected Areas š.p. State Enterprise (štátny podnik) TANAP Tatra(s) National Park UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization VHJ RBMZ Rudné bane Production Unit and Magnesite Plants VSEGEI Geological Research Institute (Всероссийский научно-исследовательский геологический институт) Slovak Geol. Mag., 18, 1 (2018), 5 – 68 1. Information System of Important Geosites in the Slovak Republic Pavel Liščák & Miroslav Antalík State Geological Institute of Dionýz Štúr, Mlynská dolina, Bratislava, Slovak Republic, [email protected] Abstract: Most of the Slovak geosites are not protected by Also the International Association of Geomorphologists law, but from a scientific and academic point of view many of (IAG) formed a specific working group on Geomorphosites them are extremely valuable geological objects, which should in 2001 (Reynard & Coratza, 2013), which deals with be maintained for future generations as geological heritage. geomorphological heritage issues, in particular Within the period of 2008 – 2011 in the scope of the project of Information system of important geosites in Slovakia a database methodological ones. More in general, the World Heritage of 480 geosites was elaborated at SGIDŠ. Later on, in 2014, Convention, signed in 1972, allowed the classification of the web application database was developed in the scope of the more than 180 geological sites (Migon, 2009), and the SGIDŠ project GEOIS. Each record of the database contains Geoparks initiative (Zouros, 2004) which started in 2000, geological description of the site in detail, degree and the allowed a better knowledge and evaluation of geoheritage reason for its protection, location within the tourist map and the at the regional scale. geological map at scale 1 : 50,000, graphic documentation in the Slovakia has developed a geosite inventory at a national form of photographs, drawings and contemporary postcards and level since the 1950s. The Slovak geoheritage has been references. The popular texts are provided both in Slovak and English. inventoried and revised recently, recognising 480 geosites of national importance (Liščák et al., 2012). Key words: geoheritage, important geosite, database. 1.2 Geological Setting of Slovakia (in brief) 1.1 Introduction Thanks to a varied geological structure and complex geomorphological evolution Slovakia is rich in geosites. For the last 3 decades, there has been a continuously The Western Carpathians are mountain range with very increasing interest for geological heritage, its assessment, complicated structural tectonical and geomorphological protection and promotion, in various parts of the world. evolution. They are component of Alpine-Carpathian The European countries have carried out national geosite mountain system. In the Carpathian mountain range the inventories as a basis for their geoconservation policy rocks are present, which accrue in an immense time span (Wimbledon & Smith-Meyer, 2012). Various international of geological time from the oldest, dating back over 600 associations also developed guidelines for inventorying millions of years, until the youngest, which have been and managing geoheritage. This is the case of ProGEO – The European Association for the Conservation of the formed recently (river deposits, weathering scree, various Geological Heritage (ProGeo, 2011) or the Global geosites debris, loams and other). inventory (Wimbledon, 1996; Wimbledon et al., 1999), The geological map, regardless of the scale, reflects launched by the International Union of Geological the age of the rocks emphasized by colour difference. Sciences (IUGS), but unfortunately interrupted in 2003. Usually the oldest rocks are characterized by the darkest The establishment of the Heritage Sites and Collections colours. The younger the rocks are, the brighter shades Subcommission (HSCS), as an integral part of the are used. The geological structure of our territory is made International Commission on Geoheritage (ICG) at the up of the Outer and Inner Carpathians separated by the 35th International Geological Congress (Cape Town, Klippen Belt. The oldest rocks in the territory of Slovakia South Africa) in 2016, has enabled the IUGS to take a are metamorphosed rocks. Originally, they had been leadership role in addressing geoheritage issues at world- several kilometres thick sediments, which had deposited wide scale. Nevertheless, world-wide, very