It’s Complicated: Relations Between Greek Settlers and Indigenous Sicilians at Megara Hyblaea, Syracuse, and Leontinoi in the 8th and 7th Centuries BCE Aaron Sterngass Professors Farmer, Edmonds, Kitroeff, and Hayton A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a Degree of Bachelor of Arts in the Departments of Classical Studies and History at Haverford College May 2019 i Table of Contents Table of Contents ................................................................................................................................ i Acknowledgements........................................................................................................................... iii Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ iv I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................... 1 II. BACKGROUND INFORMATION PRE-750 BCE .................................................................................... 2 Greece ....................................................................................................................................................... 2 Euboea ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 Corinth ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 Megara ...................................................................................................................................................... 7 Sicily .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Sicels ........................................................................................................................................................ 11 Sicanians .................................................................................................................................................. 13 Elymians .................................................................................................................................................. 14 Phoenicians ............................................................................................................................................. 16 III. THE FOUNDATIONS OF GREEK “COLONIES” .................................................................................. 19 IV. ANCIENT SOURCES ...................................................................................................................... 21 Thucydides .............................................................................................................................................. 21 Diodorus Siculus ...................................................................................................................................... 23 Strabo ...................................................................................................................................................... 25 V. HISTORIOGRAPHY OF GREEK “COLONIZATION” ............................................................................. 27 Curtius/Gwynn ........................................................................................................................................ 27 Dunbabin ................................................................................................................................................. 28 Graham.................................................................................................................................................... 30 Boardman ................................................................................................................................................ 31 Postcolonialism ....................................................................................................................................... 33 Osborne ................................................................................................................................................... 35 21st Century Scholarship ......................................................................................................................... 36 VI. OVERVIEW OF SOURCE MATERIAL ............................................................................................... 39 Evidence Used ......................................................................................................................................... 39 Challenges ............................................................................................................................................... 40 Names, Terms, and Sites ......................................................................................................................... 40 Aspects Analyzed .................................................................................................................................... 42 ii VII. MEGARA HYBLAEA ..................................................................................................................... 45 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 45 Destruction Evidence .............................................................................................................................. 46 Settlement Evidence ............................................................................................................................... 48 Burial Evidence ........................................................................................................................................ 49 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 53 VIII. SYRACUSE ................................................................................................................................. 54 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 54 Destruction Evidence .............................................................................................................................. 55 Settlement Evidence ............................................................................................................................... 60 Burial Evidence ........................................................................................................................................ 62 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 64 IX. LEONTINOI .................................................................................................................................. 65 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 65 Destruction Evidence .............................................................................................................................. 66 Settlement Evidence ............................................................................................................................... 68 Burial Evidence ........................................................................................................................................ 72 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 73 X. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................................... 74 XI. SUGGESTED DIRECTIONS ............................................................................................................. 76 Further Analysis ...................................................................................................................................... 76 Advances in Science ................................................................................................................................ 77 XII. BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................... 80 Primary Sources ...................................................................................................................................... 80 Secondary Sources .................................................................................................................................. 80 iii Acknowledgements Cui dono lepidum novum labellum? I would like to thank all of the faculty and staff in the Classics and History Departments at the Bi-Co for helping get to this point and facilitating this unusual combined thesis. A special thanks goes to Professor Matthew Farmer who helped me translate articles from Italian to English and to Research Librarian Margaret Schaus for providing me an endless stream of resources over the summer to help stimulate my ideas. I would like to thank my friends for their endless