R EFOR TR ESUMES ED 010 828 `24 THE -ODYSSEY. LITERATURE CURRICULUMIV, TEACHER VERSION. BY- KITZHABER, ALBERT R. OREGON UNIV., EUGENE REPORT NUMBER CRF-H-149-53 REPORT NUMBER BR-5-0366-53 ERRS PRICE MF-$0.09 HC -$1.24 31P. DESCRIPTORS- LITERATURE, POETRY,INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS, *LITERATURE GUIDES, *TEACHING GUIDES,*CURRICULUM GUIDES, *MYTHOLOGY, *ENGLISH INSTRUCTION,GRADE 10, SECONDARY EDUCATION, CURRICULUM RESEARCH, EUGENE,PROJECT ENGLISH, NEW GRAHMARA HOMER - A CURRICULUM GUIDE CN THEODYSSEY' WASPREPARED FOR TEACHERS. A COMPLETE EXPLANATIONCF THE POEM AND A DISCUSSION OF THE EPIC TRADITION, CFUNICHTHE POEM IS REPRESENTATIVE, WERE PROVIDED. THIS UNIT DEPARTEDFROM THE PATTERN OF OTHER LITERATURE CURRICULUM GUIDES BY PRESENTING ONLYA TEACHER VERSION TO SEE HOW WELL GRADEW STUDENTS HANDLE A WORK IN ITS ENTIRETY WITHOUT STUDYAIDS. RELATED REPORTS AREED 010 129 THROUGH ED 010 160 AND ED010 803 THROUGH ED 010 832. (GD) OREGON CURRICULUMSTUDY CENTER THE ODYSSEY,-) Literature Curriculum IV, Teacher Version I.II DEPARTMENT OFHEALTH, EDOCAMON MD WELFARE Office of Education 11* document his been reproducedexactly as received from the Pylon or organ:zatio:i originating it. Points of viewor opinion. lilted *filet necessarily represent officialOffice cit Education position or policy. The project reported herein was supportedthrough the C ooperative Research Program of the Officeof Education, U. S. Department of Health,. Education,and Welfare. - NOTE TO THE TEACHER As an experiment, the teaching machinery built into this unit onThe Odyssey is arranged in a different manner than that in other units. We are interested in seeing how well students onthe tenth grade level can handle a work in its entirety without any study aids. Consequently wehave eliminated the student version of the unit entirely. The unit is designed to be used after the students have read TheOdyssey The epic should therefore be given to the students to read wellitaavance of the time planned for class discussion. When the time cornea totreat the poem in the classroom, the suggested questionsfor the students (with sug- gested answers, in parentheses, intended to aid theteacher), the intro- ductory material, and the exercises and topics for compositionshould form an adequate basis for treatment anddiscussion. Further, the elimination of the student version will enable the teacher to modify or suppress oradd questions, depending on the level of the class, without the studentsbeing aware of it. Some teachers have remarkedthat they sometimes feel too regimented and pressured with the questions in the students?hands. The system in this unit eliminates that problem and will allowthe teacher to begin and proceed as he wishes. The suggested topics for composition are so designed asto encourage se considerable thought and discussion before writing.Discussion in class of ways of approaching such topics willincrease the students' understanding not only of The 0...s! sebut also of how to write about literature. Although the unit is built around The Odyssey as awhole, and the ques- tions and exercises are mainly geared to a discussionof the whole epic, not all students will be able to read the entire work. We suggestthat slower readers be limited to the Alcinous narrative, beginning on page139 and end- ing on page 214.it can be regarded as a self-containednarrative with a beginning and an aid.It contains many of Odysseus' mostfamous adven- tures. (Another possibility would be to begin withthe Calypso episode on p. 88 and continue to p. 214.Other possibilities also suggestthemselves.) The questions and exercises can be adapted, or new onesbe devised by the inventive teacher, to incorporate into the classdiscussion those students who have read only this section. Qualities of leadershipand buman weak- ness demonstrated by the hero, therelation of gods to men, the jetamoy to Hades, and other significant aspects of the epic canall be found in the Al- cinous narrative, for instance. THE ODYSSEY Introductory Remarks: The Epic The primary feature of an epic is its size or scope: it is 12,4 in number of ways. It is long; the narrative contains many episodes re- lating the adventures of the hero, who is always an exceptional man, generally remarkably strong and courageous, often an ideal representa- tive of a nation or race, and frequently the action he participates in is significant in the history of his people. The action is large not merely in its length but in the demands it makes on the hero, who often must demon- strate superhmrnan abilities in battle or 071 a long and difficult journey. .; The setting is also huge in its scope, sometimes encompassing not mere- ly the world but the cosmos as well. The characters usually include not merely a heroic leading character but often the gods themselves. The point of_view of an epic is consistent with the grandeur of the other elements: the epic poet is an omniscient narrator who sees into every corner of the universe he depicts and portraysthe action objective- ly. The attitudes expressed (i.e., of viewnot in the technical 11 but in the general sense) in the poem are those1 a the society in which he lives; he is the voice of his society. Sail also tends to be grand, lofty, and serious and the rhythms of the verse stately, yet (although 4 this seems contradictory) there is a generally noble simplicity in the ear poet's manner. Something of this comes through in Rieu'stranslation. It is common to distinguish two kinds of epic: primary eks(The Iliad and The Odyssey are examples) which grows out of a long oral tra- dition* and secondarx els (Virgil's Aeneid and Milton's ParadiseLost are examples) which is the written literarycreation of a single man, generally in imitation of one or more of the earlier epics. Why study the ;vie at this stage? In the first place, The Oclysser is one of the great adventure stories of all time;Odysseus"s amazing ex- . periences with the Cyclops and the other astonishing characters ofBooks 9 through 12 and the great episode in the hall should proveabsorbing to tenth graders. Perhaps, most important, it provides an excellent op- portunity for the guided exposure of these students to the values, manners, and institutions of a pre - Christian culture.) itself in the process oftransi- tion. Hopefully the experience will help them understand that tobe different from themselves used not mean to be Inferior and "ancient." Odysseus, however, will probably seem very "modern"; it is moreappropriate to qt. ?), say that we are still "ancient."Whitt does the idea of Egiam,mealt? This-is a basic concept that should W.-raised in relationship, with many aspects of Tht..1....isse .0dCan we truly say that the view 'of life of the Greeluie smbodiietembodied iuOdysseus especially, is less cauplex and mature than our own? ; '.--:;..1:11rirazsgaintarckzammitaairasembas -2- Biorm The expedition to Troy, which is- the: historical basis of theHomeric poems, probably took place about1250 B. C. Archeological diggings have determined that such a city actually did exist in AsiaMinor and seems to have been sacked aboutthis time. This was the period of the AiTc001,ean civilisation in Greece, so called hecaUseits center was at Mycenae. This culture flourished from about 1600 B. C. to about1200 B. C. The Trojans were also Greeks and the battle of Greek againstGreek was a common occurrence during this age.As a consequence, when the more barbaric Dorian Greeks pusheddown from northern Greece, the Mycenaean Civilisation was too weak to resist their attacks and the sur- vivors were forced to migrate to the islands in the AegeanSea (Chios is traditionally thought to be the birthplace of Homer) andalong the coast of Asia Minor. The four `hundred years that followed, down to about 800B. C., are commonly called the Dark Ages of Greece. During thesecenturies, when life was grim indeed for the Greeks, theycherished the memory of the exploits of their heroic ancestors who fought atTroy. Many of thit words and phrases and no doubt some of theepisodes of The Ocj.v.iime were first sung during this period. Sometimes during the eighth century B. C. the Homeric poems were probably composed; at approximately the same periodthe art of writing spread (some people feel that the Homeric poems werewritten down as they were composed or very shortly thereafter), andin Ionia a resur- gence ofGreek civilisation began.It is the life of these adventurous sea-faring people that is the vital centercf The Odyssts. The religion, social customs, everyday life, methods ofwarfare --the real world of the poem.. -is all Ionian of about the eighth century.The memory of the Heroic Age does not preoccupy the poet of TheOdyssey.:It is not a poem that looks to the past or concentrates on heroic warfare;it isconcerned with the process of living in a new world. The 0...cattzt is oral poetry; no one knows howold parts of The Cirtaile episodes --and set:bits of verse repeatedover and overi,r40,1*caltetlfornmilao(for-4,3capv4., notice-that day always begins with Dawn getting up andputting light in the sky) probably reachback -beldr4.100013a C. For Several- hundred years .bards likeDemodocus is Socik8 lantorchattkid tale-sAiliout,the,:gods, and.tbs.-Greek heroes. Be- catiseith.:Cireeka did not know how to writs then; the bards: had torely bit4hirtitstierAcirierttvrepeat the-stories, whiothibay either' made up dreetihiStl ira MMUS trAitisfa.7131;itIC....31caaarrr.ritagagitliscilidi °". ":1'". - 3 - themselves or heard from other bards. The students will have read some traditional ballads (see the Seventh Grade Literature Curriculum), which are also oral poetry, often on similar subjects, though much shorter. Poems as long as The ,Odyssey would be difficult; if not im- possible, to tell exactly the same each time. Consequently, the stories probably changed a great deal in the course of time, and the*ext of The Od ssus did not become reasonably fixed until very late in classical times.