UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANIZATION Analytical Survey THE USE OF ICTs IN TECHNICAL AND VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education MOSCOW 2003 UNESCO UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education (IITE) AUTHOR Chris Chinien (UNEVOC-Canada) IITE PROJECT COORDINATION Boris Kotsik The Use of ICTs in Technical and Vocational Education and Training. Analytical Survey The analytical survey was prepared within the framework of the project Information and Communication Technologies in Technical and Vocational Education and Training launched by the UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education in 2002. The survey provides a comprehensive review of ICT usage in TVET. It focuses on the use of ICTs for administrative purposes, communication, teaching and learning, curriculum development and assessment, career education and guidance, labour market information, job placement, and systems control, displaying specific features of various types of ICTs commonly applied in different spheres of vocational education. A brief survey of the most significant experience of a number of UNESCO Member States as well as several most interesting case studies are provided to give a global perspective of ICT penetration in TVET. The materials presented in the survey will be of interest to a wide range of specialists from high-level policy- and decision-makers to teachers, researchers, programme product developers and evaluators, and in general, to all educators involved in this subject. For further information please contact: UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education 8 Kedrova St. (Bld. 3), Moscow, 117292, Russian Federation Tel.: 7 095 129 2990 Fax: 7 095 129 1225 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.iite-unesco.org ISBN © UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education, 2003 All rights reserved Printed in the Russian Federation 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ........................................................................................................................ 8 Objectives ........................................................................................................ 8 Target audience ............................................................................................... 8 Process ............................................................................................................. 9 Limitations ...................................................................................................... 9 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................... 9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ........................................................................................... 10 SECTION 1 ICTs in TVET – NEW TIMES, NEW CHALLENGES, AND NEW OPPORTUNITIES .......................................................................................................... 12 1.1 The New Economy: Challenges and Opportunities ................................................... 12 1.1.1 Defining What This New Economy Is ................................................................. 12 1.1.2 Structural Economic Features of the New Economy ........................................... 15 1.1.3 Industrial and Occupational Change .................................................................... 15 1.1.4 Globalization ........................................................................................................ 15 1.1.5 Dynamism and Competition ................................................................................ 16 1.1.6 The Information Technology Revolution ............................................................ 16 1.1.7 Climate for Growth .............................................................................................. 17 1.1.8 Knowledge and Brain Power ............................................................................... 17 1.1.9 Human Capital and Knowledge as a Wealth Creator .......................................... 17 1.2 Effects of Globalization and ICTs on Skills ............................................................... 19 1.2.1 Dignity of Work and Fair Pay .............................................................................. 21 1.2.2 Need for Flexible Access to TVET throughout Life ........................................... 22 SECTION 2 ICTs FOR TEACHING AND LEARNING ........................................................... 24 2.1 Role Of ICTs For Teaching And Learning In TVET ................................................. 24 Technology as curriculum ............................................................................. 25 Technology as delivery mechanism .............................................................. 25 Technology as a complement to instruction .................................................. 25 Technology as an instructional tool .............................................................. 25 2.2 Common Types ICTs for Teaching and Learning ...................................................... 27 2.2.1 Audio-Cassette Tapes .......................................................................................... 28 2.2.2 Radio .................................................................................................................... 28 2.2.3 Videotapes............................................................................................................ 29 2.2.4 CD-ROM and DVD ............................................................................................. 31 2.2.5 Internet/Web-Based Training ............................................................................... 32 2.2.6 Web-Based Training (WBT) Programmes .......................................................... 36 2.2.7 Audioconferencing ............................................................................................... 38 2.2.8 Audiographics ...................................................................................................... 38 2.2.9 Interactive Television ........................................................................................... 39 2.2.10 Videoconferencing ............................................................................................... 40 2.3 How and Where ICTs Fit in the Learning Environment ............................................ 41 2.4 Open and Distance Learning in TVET ....................................................................... 46 2.5 ICT-Mediated Learning Environments ...................................................................... 48 SECTION 3 SPECIALIZED USE OF ICT-MEDIATED LEARNING IN TVET ........... 49 3 3.1 Teaching Attitudinal and Practical Skills in TVET using ICTs ................................. 49 3.1.1 Teaching Attitudes Using ICTs ........................................................................... 50 3.1.2 Teaching Practical Skills Using ICTs .................................................................. 50 3.2 Using ICTs for Workplace Training ........................................................................... 52 3.3 Using ICTs for Study-at-Home TVET Programmes .................................................. 54 3.4 Using ICTs for Assessing Teaching and Learning ..................................................... 54 3.5 Using ICTs for Informal Skills Development ............................................................ 56 3.6 Using ICTs for Prior Learning Assessment and Recognition .................................... 57 3.7 Using ICTs for Virtual Internship .............................................................................. 59 3.8 Using Assistive Technologies in TVET ..................................................................... 61 SECTION 4 USING ICTs FOR PROGRAMME SUPPORT IN TVET .............................. 65 4.1 Using ICTs for Administrative Purposes.................................................................... 65 4.2 Using ICTs for Career Education and Guidance in TVET ......................................... 66 4.3 Using ICTs to provide Labour Market information in TVET. ................................... 68 4.4 Using ICTs for Placement of TVET Graduates.......................................................... 72 4.5 Using ICTs for the Control of Technical Systems ..................................................... 72 4.6 Using ICTs for Information Search and Retrieval ...................................................... 74 4.7 Using ICTs for Communication Purposes .................................................................. 77 4.8 The Use of ICTs for TVET Programme Design and Development ........................... 79 4.8.1 Online Occupational Analysis and Essential Skills Profile ................................. 79 4.8.2 Automated Instructional System Design and Development ................................ 81 4.8.3 Learning Objects .................................................................................................. 84 4.8.4 Metadata ............................................................................................................... 85 4.8.5 Learning Object Standards ................................................................................... 87 SECTION 5 THE USE OF ICTs AND TVET: A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE .................. 91 5.1 Emergent Model for Integrating ICTs in TVET ......................................................... 91 5.2 Usage of ICTs in TVET in UNESCO