UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Building Values into the Design of Pervasive Mobile Technologies A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Information Studies by Katherine Carol Shilton 2011 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 United States License. Katherine Carol Shilton 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Participatory Sensing, Values, and the Structure of Design……………………...1 Chapter 2: Literature Review – Situating Participatory Sensing……………………………30 Chapter 3: Methods……………………………………………………………………….83 Chapter 4: Findings – Observing Values in Design at CENS………………………….…100 Chapter 5: Discussion – Values Levers and Critical Technical Practice…………………..192 Chapter 6: Conclusions…………………………………………………………………..220 Appendix: Code Definitions………………………………………………………….......231 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………..237 DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1: Participatory Sensing, Values, and the Structure of Design ....................................... 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1 Values and pervasive mobile technologies .............................................................................. 3 Surveillance and participatory sensing ...................................................................................... 6 Research questions ...................................................................................................................... 8 Observing Design at CENS ........................................................................................................... 9 Why CENS? ............................................................................................................................... 10 Intervening as a values advocate ............................................................................................. 12 Applications and campaigns .................................................................................................... 13 Anti-Surveillance Values at CENS .............................................................................................. 17 Privacy ......................................................................................................................................... 18 Consent and participation ........................................................................................................ 19 Power and equity ....................................................................................................................... 20 iii Persistent memory and forgetting ........................................................................................... 22 From Values to Technology ........................................................................................................ 22 Values levers and the structure of design environments ..................................................... 23 Building a critical technical practice ........................................................................................ 26 Organization of the dissertation .............................................................................................. 28 Chapter 2: Literature Review – Situating Participatory Sensing .................................................. 30 Defining Critical Concepts ........................................................................................................... 31 Participatory sensing ................................................................................................................. 31 Participatory sensing data ......................................................................................................... 33 Stakeholders: designers, clients and users .............................................................................. 34 Participatory sensing as scholarly research ............................................................................ 35 Participatory sensing as infrastructure and platform............................................................ 37 Antecedents of participatory sensing ..................................................................................... 38 Surveillance Challenges in Participatory Sensing ...................................................................... 41 Anti-surveillance values ............................................................................................................ 44 Privacy in participatory sensing ............................................................................................... 47 Consent and participation in participatory sensing .............................................................. 52 Power and equity in participatory sensing ............................................................................. 56 Forgetting in participatory sensing ......................................................................................... 60 Theoretical Framework: Values in Design ................................................................................. 62 Studying values .......................................................................................................................... 64 Values in the lab ........................................................................................................................ 65 Promoting values in design ...................................................................................................... 66 iv Laboratory Structure: Design Practices and Activities ............................................................. 67 Data practices ............................................................................................................................. 68 Disciplines, mentors and collaboration networks ................................................................ 69 Internal pilot testing .................................................................................................................. 70 Seeking user feedback ............................................................................................................... 71 Navigating institutional ethical mandates .............................................................................. 73 Advocacy by a values worker .................................................................................................. 74 The Limits of Design: Social, Structural and Technical Constraints ..................................... 76 Distributed control .................................................................................................................... 77 Distributed data collection ....................................................................................................... 79 Individual morality and values ................................................................................................. 82 Summary: The Design Setting and Values in Design ............................................................... 82 Chapter 3: Methods............................................................................................................................ 83 Research Questions ....................................................................................................................... 83 Research Design............................................................................................................................. 83 Sample selection ........................................................................................................................ 85 Consent, confidentiality and collaborative ethnography ..................................................... 86 Observation and interview protocols ..................................................................................... 88 Auto-ethnography ..................................................................................................................... 92 Data analysis and coding .......................................................................................................... 93 Code refinement and grouping ............................................................................................... 97 Methodological Limitations of the Study ................................................................................... 97 Chapter 4: Findings – Observing Values in Design at CENS .................................................. 100 v Between Ethnographer and Values Worker ........................................................................... 101 Design at CENS.......................................................................................................................... 105 Values in CENS Design ............................................................................................................ 111 Privacy ...................................................................................................................................... 115 Consent and participation ..................................................................................................... 118 Power and equity .................................................................................................................... 123 Forgetting ...............................................................................................................................