/ 720 (07) 157 A v.8 H^Fecferal Housing AdSnfetrdtinw pt.l mm**#**'’ International Correspondence Schools, Scranton, Pa. r Architectural Drawing Prepared especially for home study By r WILLIAM S. LOWNDES, Ph. B., A.I.A. and FREDERICK FLETCHER, A.I.A. Registered Architect 5637 A-3 Part 1 Edition 3 6 Assignments International Correspondence Schools, Scranton, Pennsylvania International Correspondence Schools, Canadian, Ltd., Montreal, Canada (O^Si u U(j ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING V \/. Part 1 “The higher men climb, the longer their working day. And to keep at the top is harder, almost, than to get there. There are no 4office hours' for leaders." —Cardinal Gibbons % * WILLIAM S. LOWNDES, Ph.B., A.I.A. But for the man who has found the job he loves, work is and no longer “labor.” And learning more about that job be* FREDERICK FLETCHER, A.I.A. comes a thrilling, exciting adventure. Registered Architect 23 t Serial 5637A-3 : Copyright © 1962, 1954, 1951, 1943, by INTERNATIONAL TEXTBOOK COMPANY Copyright in Great Britain. All rights reserved. Printed in United States of America : International Correspondence Schoolsj r1 Scranton, Pennsylvania / ■ International Correspondence Schools Canadian, Ltd{ . Montreal, Canada 121 o 1(5 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING Vv l PART 1 PI INTRODUCTION What This Text Covers . 1. Definition of Architectural Drawing.—Architectural 1. Introduction to Architectural Drawing .. Pages 1 to 12 drawing is the special language of the architect, which he uses Architectural drawing is the special language of the architect. to convey to his client impressions of how a contemplated build­ Various kinds of architectural drawings are explained. The use of ing will appear when completed. It is also used to convey to the paper is described. Each paper has its particular use. contractors and workmen who perform the work of erection the information regarding size, form, materials, dimensions, 2. Symbols and Indications Pages 13 to 21 etc. necessary to enable them to estimate the probable cost of Symbolism is used in architectural drawing. In this section, you the building, and to erect the building as the architect con­ will find symbols for materials, architectural features, plumbing ceives it in his own mind. fixtures, and electrical outlets. Architectural drawing is based on the principles of projection drawing, which are applied in making the working drawings 3. Details of Windows Pages 22 to 40 required for the erection of the building. It also employs the The construction of many types of windows is explained. Screens principles of perspective in drawings that show the building as it and shutters are included. will actually appear when viewed from some particular point. 4. Doors and Cornices Pages 41 to 57 2. Architectural drawing does not require the extreme Details for exterior doors in frame and masonry walls are shown accuracy that is called for in some forms of mechanical drawing. and explained. Details of interior doors are given. Cornices A sufficient degree of accuracy is obtained by placing lines of are illustrated. dimensions on the drawings to define the limits of certain por­ tions of a building. Where precision is required, large-size 5. Interior Details Pages 38 to 71 drawings are made which show details at exact size. You will be interested in the many interior details that are shown in this section. The detailing of a chimney requires considerable Freehand drawing is employed to a great extent in architec­ tural drawing. In designing a building the architect generally care. Stairs, doors, interior trim, and wainscot are included. finds it helpful and often absolutely necessary to make numerous 6. Key to Criticism Page 72 freehand studies or sketches illustrating various portions of the design. In making these studies a thorough knowledge of free­ 5637A hand drawing and facility in handling a pen or pencil are essen­ tial. Familiarity with the principles of perspective drawing will also be found invaluable. These freehand studies, the architect's first conception of a problem, are generally made with a soft "•**7RiaHTEO BY INTERNATIONAL TEXTBOOK COMPANY. ALL ^lOHTS RK6BRVEO ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 1 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 1 3 pencil and without the use of instruments. In laying out a 4. Technique of Architectural Drawing.—Methods used working drawing, instruments such as are used in mechanical in the production of drawings are described in previous texts, and geometrical drawing are employed, and harder pencils are which also include instructions regarding the use of drawing used than those used in making the studies. boards, T-squares, triangles, drawing instruments, papers, pen­ The elements of beaut}' and character should always be con­ cils, pens, etc., and require the making of a series of elementary i sidered in making an architectural drawing. These elements are drawings. not often considered in mechanical drawing, where the prin­ 5. Nature of Architectural Drawing.—Architectural draw­ cipal aims are accuracy and economy in the use of materials. ing, in its complete sense, does not consist merely in making Although utilitarian considerations also enter into architectural marks, lines, letters, and numerals on sheets of paper. It is drawing, they must be studied in conjunction with the expres­ the language used to express ideas of the design of buildings sion of beauty and character. and their numerous parts, and to show the construction of the buildings and the application of the materials of which the build­ 3. Importance of Architectural Drawing.—As has been ings are to be made. stated, architectural drawing is the special language of the The numerous uses of architectural drawing as applied to architect. Without its use no building of any importance could design, construction, and the uses of materials cannot be taught be erected. The subject should be understood by all those inter­ in a single lesson. The subject is presented gradually, only ested in the construction of buildings, and in the education of enough design and construction being considered at one time an architect a thorough knowledge of its meaning is funda­ to explain the drawing that is being made. mental. A person who is desirious of becoming an architect is urged to study this most important subject thoroughly. He should practice drawing whenever he has time to do so. A student ARCHITECTURAL DRAWINGS of this course should draw carefully and studiously all the plates and exercises called for in the texts on Architectural DESCRIPTION OF CLASSES Drawing and send them to the Schools for correction. He should also, as a means of self-improvement, study and copy 6. Classification.—It is customary, in the course of pre­ as many as possible of the other drawings that are shown in senting a complete conception of a proposed building, to make several kinds of drawings. These include preliminary studies, the illustrations throughout these texts, but these drawings are i not to be sent to the Schools for correction. preliminary sketches, working drawings, scale details, and full- By doing this work the student may feel assured that he is size details. improving himself in a way that will be of the greatest advan­ The preliminary studies are the freehand sketches which the architect or draftsman makes when formulating his ideas for tage to him when the time comes for him to do practical archi­ tectural work. The beginner should always endeavor to have a building. The preliminary sketches are those made to show to the client so that he may get a good general idea of the pro­ his work neat and clean with clear, sharp lines and careful posed building and may make any changes that he desires be­ lettering, as neatness is very desirable. He should not, however, fore the permanent and detailed drawings are made. Both forget that his object is not only to draw lines neatly and accurately, but to make them convey useful ideas. Otherwise the the studies and the sketches will be described in a succeeding drawing is of little practical value. text. ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 1 4 ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING, PART 1. 5 7. Working Drawings.—The working drawings must be 9. Scale Details.—After the working drawings have been as complete and accurate as possible; they are not merely pic­ completed and the specifications which describe the work to be tures. Every line, dot, mark, letter, and numeral must have a done on the building have been written, the architect proceeds definite meaning so that exact estimates of the cost of the to make scale details, which are drawings of certain parts of work can be made and so that the building can be properly the building at a larger scale than that used for the working erected from the drawings. Working drawings consist of sheets drawings. This is done with parts of the building, such as the showing plans of the different floors, the basement, and the windows, doors, cornices, porch finishes, etc., which cannot attic; elevations of the front, rear, and sides of the building; be shown clearly at a scale of J inch. The scales commonly sections, through the principal portions of the structure. The used in making these drawings are J, 1, l-£, and 3 inches. sections show details of particular parts that cannot be shown properly on the plans or elevations. All necessary dimensions 10. Full-Size Details.—It is necessary to show some por­ should be noted on these drawings. The working drawings tions of the building at full size. Carvings, moldings, and similar are generally drawn to the scale of \ inch to the foot. On very details of a building cannot be satisfactorily shown in any other large work they are sometimes drawn to the scale of 4 inch to way. Full-size details often make very large drawings, but can the foot, so that the drawings may be made on sheets of paper generally be shown on large sheets of heavy tracing or bond or cloth of a convenient size.