Measurement & Monitoring: 22nd Quarterly Literature Update These references have been added to the literature database developed for the Measurement and Monitoring Technologies for the 21st Century (21M2) website. The searchable archive of abstracts is located at http://www.clu-in.org/programs/21m2/litsearch.cfm Accumulation of Organochlorine Pesticides by Semipermeable Membrane Devices Using Composite Complex Liao, Long B. and Xian M. Xiaoa, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China. Chemosphere, Vol 64 No 9, p 1592-1600, Aug 2006 Semipermeable membrane devices have been developed for passive in situ monitoring of organochlorine pesticides in aqueous solution. The device consists of a thin film of neutral lipid triolein enclosed in thin-walled tubing made of composite cellulose acetate (CA) membrane supported by linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), and is referred to as a CAPE. Test results indicate that the triolein-CAPE (TCAPE) could accumulate hydrophobic pesticides quickly and efficiently in water. In the lab, uptake equilibrium is reached within 20 h. Some mathematical relationships of TCAPE/water partition coefficient, triolein/water partition coefficient, and octanol/water partition coefficient were developed under laboratory conditions. The device was also tested under field conditions, where the average concentration of pesticides in surface water could be estimated by measuring pesticides concentrations in the device. An Accurate, Precise, and Cost-Effective Method for Measuring Mercury in Production Gas Streams: Method 40 CFR Part 75 App. K Brunette, Robert, Frontier GeoSciences Inc., Seattle, WA. IPEC 2006: 13th Annual International Petroleum Environmental Conference, 17-20 October 2006, San Antonio, TX. [abstract only] The author describes a rugged, accurate, precise and inexpensive sampling and analytical method for measuring mercury in process gas streams. The method has been around for nearly a decade and has undergone several validations for measuring mercury in coal utility flue gas (including a US EPA 301h validation process). The method is now codified in 40 CFR Part 75, Appendix K. The Frontier Sorbent Total Mercury (FSTM) method involves a highly efficient, specially designed, solid sorbent trap which in turn is digested and analyzed via a modern analysis technique (same principles as US EPA 1631) yielding a detection limit of 0.005 ug Hg/m3. Details of the technique, validation data, and applications to process gas streams are presented. Analysis of Bioavailable Phenols from Natural Samples by Recombinant Luminescent Bacterial Sensors Leedjarv, A. and A. Ivaska (National Inst. of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Tallinn, Estonia); M. Virta (Univ. of Helsinki); A. Kahru (National Inst. of Chemical Physics and Biophysics). Chemosphere, Vol 64 No 11, p 1910-1919, Sep 2006 A whole-cell recombinant bacterial sensor for the detection of phenolic compounds was constructed and used for the analysis of bioavailable phenols in natural samples. The sensor Pseudomonas fluorescens OS8(pDNdmpRlux) contains luxCDABE operon as a reporter under the control of phenol-inducible Po promoter from Pseudomonas sp. CF600. The production of bioluminescence is controlled by the transcriptional activator DmpR, which initiates transcription in the presence of phenolic compounds. The sensor bacteria detection limits for different phenols varied from 0.03 mg/L (2-methylphenol) to 42.7 mg/L (5-methylresorcinol). The detection limit for phenol, the most abundant phenolic contaminant in the environment, was 0.08 mg/L. Different phenolic compounds had an additive effect on the inducibility of the sensor. The constructed sensor bacteria were applied on groundwaters and semicoke leachates to estimate the bioavailable fraction of phenols. This sensor could be used to estimate the natural biodegradation potential of phenolic compounds in complex environmental mixtures and matrices. Analysis of Hydrologic Data to Evaluate Phytoremediation System Performance Schneider, W.H. (Roy F. Weston, Inc., Albuquerque, NM); S.R. Hirsh (U.S. EPA, Philadelphia, PA); H.R. Compton (U.S. EPA, Edison, NJ); A.E. Burgess and J.G. Wrobel (U.S. Army, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD). Remediation of Chlorinated and Recalcitrant Compounds: The Third International Conference. Battelle Press, 7 pp, 2002 A long-term environmental monitoring program is providing hydrologic data that demonstrates poplar trees are influencing groundwater flow at the J-Field site, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD. Advanced data collection and analysis techniques have enabled researchers to construct a water budget for the study area and to estimate the amount of groundwater the trees are transpiring on a daily and annual basis. Continuous monitoring of the aquifer indicates that the trees transpire enough groundwater to produce daily fluctuations of the shallow water table. Hydrologic analyses demonstrate that the trees are intercepting a significant component of groundwater flow during the summer and early fall and are thereby limiting the discharge of contaminated groundwater to the marsh during this period. Tree tissue and transpiration gas sampling confirm the poplar trees are withdrawing contaminant mass from the aquifer. Based on the favorable results of the pilot study, 600 additional trees are being planted to improve the capacity of the phytoremediation system to provide hydraulic containment of a plume. http://www.westonsolutions.com/about/news_pubs/Tech_Papers/SchneiderBattelle.pdf Analysis of Pesticides in Water and Sediment Under Different Storage Conditions Using Gas Chromatography Lyytikainen, M., J.V. K. Kukkonen, and M.J. Lydy. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol 44 No 4, p 437-444, May 2003 A simple, low-solvent method was tested for simultaneously extracting five classes of pesticides (triazines, organophosphates, organochlorines, pyrethroids, and carbamates) from reconstituted water and sediment, and later with pond water and soil samples. The method uses solid phase extraction (SPE) and sonication in combination with gas chromatography. Pesticide recoveries ranged from 60 to 120%, with the exception of carbaryl, dicofol, and methoxychlor, which had higher recoveries. Pesticide recoveries from soil were comparable with those from sediments, while in pond water, organochlorine recoveries exceeded 100%. To determine sample storage time ranges and conditions, pesticide recoveries in water and sediment were monitored for 28 days. Water samples were most stable when extracted immediately and stored in SPEs in 2 the freezer, where they remained stable for up to six weeks. Sediment samples were stored for a month without significant decrease in pesticide concentrations. Ant Colony Optimization and Bayesian Analysis for Long-Term Groundwater Monitoring Li, Yuanhai, Ph.D. dissertation, Florida State University, 120 pp, 2006 Though groundwater longterm monitoring (LTM) is required to assess human health and environmental risk of residual contaminants after active groundwater remediation activities are completed, LTM can be costly because of the large number of sampling locations and frequencies that exist at a site from previous site characterization and remediation activities. Two LTM spatial sampling optimization methods based on an ant colony optimization (ACO) algorithm were developed to identify optimal sampling networks that minimize the cost of LTM by reducing the number of monitoring locations with minimum overall data loss. The first method, the primal ACO-LTM algorithm, minimizes the number of remaining wells given the constraint on data loss quality, and it is implemented by binary decision variables. The second method, the dual ACO-LTM algorithm, is inspired by primal algorithm. The role of the number of remaining wells is reversed from objective function to constraint, and this algorithm minimizes data loss, given a fixed number of remaining wells. Comparisons among the primal and dual ACO-LTM, the GA, and complete enumeration indicate that the dual ACO-LTM algorithm shows the best performance and identifies global optimal solutions. A statistical guideline for the LTM temporal redundancy problem is proposed. Instead of relying on pollutant transport simulation models, this method is a data-driven analysis approach based on a Bayesian statistics-based methodology to optimize the scheduling of groundwater LTM. The technique combines information from different sets of observations over multiple sampling periods with spatial sampling optimization by the ACO algorithm to provide probability distribution for a future sampling schedule. The output of this method is not binary results (0/1) but fuzzy probabilistic scale (0 1) for a future monitoring schedule for each well. The results from a medium-size site were compared with those from other LTM design methods, including MAROS, CES, and a 3-tiered approach. Similar but outperforming results with other methods verified that this method is a promising approach for the LTM temporal problem. http://etd.lib.fsu.edu/theses/available/etd-07102006­ 143028/unrestricted/DissertationYuanhai.Li.pdf The Application of Bioassays as Indicators of Petroleum-Contaminated Soil Remediation Plaza, G. (Inst. for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Katowice, Poland); G. Nalęcz-Jawecki (Medical Univ. of Warsaw, Poland); K. Ulfig (Inst. for Ecology of Industrial Areas); R.L. Brigmon (Savannah River National Lab, Aiken, SC). Chemosphere, Vol 59 No 2, p 289-296, Apr 2005 The bioassays Spirotox, Microtox(r), Ostracodtoxkit