Historic Roots and Socio-economic Consequences of the Separatist Movement in Quebec Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades einer Doktorin der Sozial- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften an der Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien eingereicht bei Erster Betreuer: Ord.Univ.Prof. Dr. Hugh D. Purcell Zweiter Betreuer: Ord.Univ.Prof. Dr. Herbert Matis Fachgebiete: Englisch, Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Internationale Politökonomie von Mag. Karin R. Kollenz MBA Wien, im Mai 2000 Karin R. Kollenz: Historic Roots and Socio-economic Consequences of Separatism I Table of Contents 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 1 2. The Historic Roots of the Separatist Movement in Quebec ............................................. 3 2.1 The British Conquest – a Clash of Two Nations.............................................................. 3 2.2 The Consequences of the Conquest.................................................................................. 6 2.3 Assimilation or Acceptance.............................................................................................. 9 2.4 The Mount of Political Unrest and Ethical Conflict....................................................... 12 2.5 Towards a New Constitution.......................................................................................... 15 2.6 The Foundation of the Canadian Confederation ............................................................ 16 2.7 The Métis Conflict ......................................................................................................... 18 2.8 The Rise of Nationalism................................................................................................. 20 2.9 The Conscription Crises ................................................................................................. 23 2.10 Provincial Autonomy versus Preservation of National Unity...................................... 25 2.11 From Great Depression to Quiet Revolution................................................................ 26 2.12 The Quiet Revolution ................................................................................................... 30 2.13 The New Nationalism................................................................................................... 32 2.14 The Rise of Separatism ................................................................................................ 35 2.15 The Early Constitutional Debate .................................................................................. 36 2.16 Language and Nationalism........................................................................................... 37 2.17 The First Referendum and Another Constitutional Debate.......................................... 41 2.18 Meech Lake or the Conservatives’ Attempt to Consolidate Quebec ........................... 43 2.19 The Aftermath of Meech Lake ..................................................................................... 45 2.20 The Early '90s............................................................................................................... 46 2.21 The 1995 Referendum and its Consequences............................................................... 48 2.22 Another Round of Constitutional Talks ....................................................................... 49 2.23 The Supreme Court Reference ..................................................................................... 51 2.24 Quebec Provincial Elections 1998 ............................................................................... 52 3. Economic Consequences .................................................................................................... 53 3.1 Perception of the Political and Economic Climate......................................................... 54 3.2 The Development of the Gross Domestic Product......................................................... 57 3.2.1 Analysis of Selected Statements by Canadian Economists and Politicians................ 62 3.3 Investment ...................................................................................................................... 67 3.3.1 The Public Debate about Investment in Quebec ......................................................... 86 Karin R. Kollenz: Historic Roots and Socio-economic Consequences of Separatism II 3.4 Consumption .................................................................................................................. 91 3.5 Employment ................................................................................................................... 95 4. Social Consequences......................................................................................................... 112 4.1. Demography................................................................................................................ 112 4.1.1 Population Growth Components ............................................................................... 115 4.1.2 Natural Growth.......................................................................................................... 118 4.1.3 Migration................................................................................................................... 120 4.2 The Demolinguistic Development of Quebec.............................................................. 126 4.2.1 Natural Growth.......................................................................................................... 129 4.2.2 Migration................................................................................................................... 135 4.2.3 Linguistic Transfers................................................................................................... 149 4.3 The Economics of Language and Language Policies................................................... 159 5. Conclusion......................................................................................................................... 163 6. Glossary............................................................................................................................. 168 7. Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 180 7.1 Printed Sources............................................................................................................. 180 7.2 Digital Sources ............................................................................................................. 189 Graphs Graph 1: The Development of the Economic and Political Climate in Quebec....................... 55 Graph 2: GDP Growth Rates.................................................................................................... 57 Graph 3: GDP per Capita ......................................................................................................... 59 Graph 4: Differentials of GDP per Capita between Ontario and Quebec, Canada and Quebec .................................................................................................................................................. 60 Graph 5: GDP and Population Shares ...................................................................................... 61 Graph 6: Difference between GDP Share and Population Share ............................................. 62 Graph 7: GDP Difference between Quebec and Ontario in percent of Quebec's GDP ........... 65 Graph 8: Business Investment in Quebec and Ontario............................................................. 68 Graph 9: Business Investment in Fixed Assets per GDP ......................................................... 69 Graph 10: Growth of Investment per GDP .............................................................................. 70 Karin R. Kollenz: Historic Roots and Socio-economic Consequences of Separatism III Graph 11: Investment per GDP Differentials between Quebec and Ontario, Quebec and Canada...................................................................................................................................... 71 Graph 12: Investment per Capita.............................................................................................. 72 Graph 13: Investment: 1970=100............................................................................................. 73 Graph 14: Investment: 1961=100............................................................................................. 74 Graph 15: Investment: 1976=100............................................................................................. 74 Graph 16: Investment: 1985=100............................................................................................. 75 Graph 17: Investment and Population Shares of Quebec and Ontario..................................... 76 Graph 18: Investment Share – Population Share...................................................................... 77 Graph 19: Investment Share – GDP Share............................................................................... 79 Graph 20: Residential Construction per Capita........................................................................ 80 Graph 21: Annual Change in Residential Construction per Capita.......................................... 81 Graph 22: Investment in Non-residential Construction per Capita.........................................