(12) STANDARD PATENT (11) Application No. AU 2012204162 B2 (19) AUSTRALIAN PATENT OFFICE (54) Title Chemosensory receptor ligand-based therapies (51) International Patent Classification(s) A61K 31/4709 (2006.01) A61P 3/00 (2006.01) A61K 31/155 (2006.01) A61P 3/04 (2006.01) A61K 31/194 (2006.01) A61P 3/10 (2006.01) A61K 31/198 (2006.01) A61P 7/12 (2006.01) A61K 31/20 (2006.01) A61P 19/10 (2006.01) A61K 31/201 (2006.01) A61P 21/00 (2006.01) A61K 31/353 (2006.01) A61P 25/00 (2006.01) A61K 31/575 (2006.01) A61P 25/22 (2006.01) A61K 31/7016 (2006.01) A61P 25/24 (2006.01) A61K 31/7032 (2006.01) A61P 37/00 (2006.01) A61K 31/704 (2006.01) C12N 5/07 (2010.01) A61P 1/00 (2006.01) (21) Application No: 2012204162 (22) Date of Filing: 2012.01.06 (87) WIPO No: W012/094636 (30) Priority Data (31) Number (32) Date (33) Country 61/430,914 2011.01.07 US (43) Publication Date: 2012.07.12 (44) Accepted Journal Date: 2017.04.20 (71) Applicant(s) Elcelyx Therapeutics, Inc. (72) Inventor(s) Baron, Alain D.;Brown, Martin R.;Jones, Christopher R. G.;Beeley, Nigel R. A.;Fineman, Mark S. (74) Agent / Attorney Spruson & Ferguson, L 35 St Martins Tower 31 Market St, Sydney, NSW, 2000, AU (56) Related Art WO 2007/007189 A2 US 2010/0331419 Al WO 2006/086727 A2 (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date W O 2012/094636 A3 12 July 2012 (12.07.2012) W I PO I P CT (51) International Patent Classification: AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BR, BW, BY, BZ, C12N5/07(2010.01) CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, Fl, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, (21) International Application Number: HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IS, JP, KE, KG, KM, KN, KP, KR, PCT/US2012/020548 KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, (22) International Filing Date: MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, 6 January 2012 (06.01.2012) OM, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, (25) Filing Language: English TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW. (26) Publication Language: English (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated,for every (30) Priority Data: kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, 61/430,914 7 January 2011 (07.01.2011) US GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, MD, RU, (71) Applicant (for all designated States except US): TJ, TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, ELCELYX THERAPEUTICS, INC. [US/US]; 11995 El DK, EE, ES, Fl, FR, GB, GR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, Camino Real, Suite 305, San Diego, CA 92130 (US). LV, MC, MK, MT, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, RS, SE, SI, SK, (72) Inventors; and SM, TR), OAPI (BF, BJ, CF, CG, CI, CM, GA, GN, GQ, (75) Inventors/Applicants (for US only): BARON, Alain D. GW, ML, MR, NE, SN, TD, TG). [US/US]; 12863 Baywind Point, San Diego, CA 92130 Declarations under Rule 4.17: (US). BROWN, Martin R. [US/US]; 834 Tolita Avenue, - as to applicant's entitlement to applyfor and be granted a Coronado, CA 92118 (US). JONES, Christopher R. G. patent (Rule 4.17(ii)) [US/US]; 13713 Freeport Road, San Diego, CA 92129 (US). BEELEY, Nigel R. A. [US/US]; 227 Loma Corta Published: Drive, Solana Beach, CA 92075 (US). FINEMAN, Mark - with internationalsearch report (Art. 21(3) S. [US/US]; 12444 Oakfort Place, San Diego, CA 92130 (US). - before the expiration of the time limit for amending the claims and to be republished in the event of receipt of (74) Agent: LORENZ, Todd A.; Arnold & Porter LLP, Three amendments (Rule 48.2(h)) Embarcadero Center, 7th Floor, San Francisco. CA 94111 (US). (88) Date of publication of the international search report: 4 October 2012 (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated,for every kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, (54) Title: CHEMOSENSORY RECEPTOR LIGAND-BASED THERAPIES (57) Abstract: Provided herein are methods for treating conditions associated with a chemosensory receptor, including diabetes, f4 obesity, and other metabolic diseases, disorders or conditions by administrating a composition comprising a chemosensory receptor ligand, such as a bitter receptor ligand. Also provided herein are chemosensory receptor ligand compositions, including bitter recept or ligand compositions, and methods for the preparation thereof for use in the methods of the present invention. Also provided herein are compositions comprising metformin and salts thereof and methods of use. WO 2012/094636 PCT/US2012/020548 CHEMOSENSORY RECEPTOR LIGAND-BASED THERAPIES CROSS-REFERENCE [0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/430,914, filed January 7, 2011, which is incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] Despite the longstanding, massive, effort to develop effective treatments for diabetes, metabolic syndrome, obesity, overweight and related metabolic conditions, the number of people worldwide who suffer from them is rapidly growing. These conditions result in numerous medical complications, a lowered quality of life, shortened lifespan, lost work productivity, a strain on medical systems, and a burden on medical insurance providers that translates into increased costs for all. Additionally, maintenance of health, including healthy body weight and healthy blood glucose levels is desirable. [0003] Type II diabetes treatments in use or development are designed to lower blood glucose levels. They include mimetics of GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1), a hormone that plays a key role in regulating insulin, glucose and hunger. Examples of mimetics are the GLP-1 receptor agonist, Exenatide (Byetta@) and the GLP-1 analog Liraglutide. Other drugs inhibit DPP-IV, an enzyme that rapidly degrades endogenous GLP-1. Exenatide is a GLP- 1 receptor agonist that is degraded more slowly by DPP-IV. Liraglutide, a GLP-1 analog, is attached to a fatty acid molecule that binds to albumin and slows the rate of GLP-1 release and its degradation. (See, e.g., Nicolucci, et al., 2008, "Incretin-based therapies: a new potential treatment approach to overcome clinical inertia in type 2 diabetes," Acta Biomedica 79(3):184-91 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,424,286 "Exendin-3 and exendin-4 polypeptides, and pharmaceutical compositions comprising same.") [0004] Metformin is an antihyperglycemic agent which improves glucose tolerance in patients with type II diabetes by lowering both basal and post-prandial plasma glucose. Its pharmacologic mechanisms of action are different from other classes of oral antihyperglycemic agents. Metformin decreases hepatic glucose production, decreases intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral glucose uptake and utilization. However, metformin is reported to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of metformin accumulation and lactic acidosis increases with the degree of impairment of renal function. For example, in patients with known or suspected impaired renal function such as those with advanced age, metformin administration requires close dose monitoring and titration to prevent lactic acidosis, a potentially fatal metabolic complication. Patients with concomitant -1- WO 2012/094636 PCT/US2012/020548 cardiovascular or liver disease, sepsis, and hypoxia have also increased the risk of lactic acidosis. Thus, metformin remains an unavailable and/or risky treatment for certain patient groups due to its side effects. [0005] Until very recently, obesity treatments include two FDA-approved drugs. Orlistat (Xenical@) reduces intestinal fat absorption by inhibiting pancreatic lipase. Sibutramine (Meridia@), taken off the market in Europe and the USA, decreases appetite by inhibiting deactivation of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. Undesirable side-effects, including effects on blood pressure, have been reported with these drugs. (See, e.g., "Prescription Medications for the Treatment of Obesity," NIH Publication No. 07-4191, December 2007). Surgical treatments, including gastric bypass surgery and gastric banding, are available, but only in extreme cases. These procedures can be dangerous, and furthermore may not be appropriate options for patients with more modest weight loss goals. Enteroendocrine Cells and Chemosensory Receptor Ligands [0006] Certain intestinal cells, L cells, have been reported to produce GLP-1 in response to glucose, fat and amino acid stimulation. These and other such "enteroendocrine cells" also reportedly produce other hormones involved in processes relating to glucose and fuel metabolism, including oxyntomodulin, reported to ameliorate glucose intolerance and suppress appetite, PYY (peptide YY), also observed to suppress appetite, CCK (cholecystokinin), which reportedly stimulates the digestion of fat and protein and also reduces food intake, GLP-2, which reportedly induces gut cell proliferation, and GIP (gastric inhibitory polypeptide, also called glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide), an incretin secreted from the intestinal K cells that has been observed to augment glucose-dependent insulin secretion. (See, e.g., Jang, et al., 2007, "Gut-expressed gustducin and taste receptors regulate secretion of glucagon-like peptide-1," PNAS 104(38):15069-74 and Parlevliet, et al., 2007, "Oxyntomodulin ameliorates glucose intolerance in mice fed a high-fat diet," Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 294(1):E142-7). Guanylin and uroguanylin are peptides of 15- and 16-amino acids in length, respectively, that are reportedly secreted by intestinal epithelial cells as prohormones and require enzymatic conversion into active hormones. Recently, it has been reported that uroguanylin may have a satiety-inducing function.