THE USE OF GIS AND DOCUMENTARY SOURCES TO MAP, ANALYSE AND UNDERSTAND URBAN AND INDUSTRIAL CHANGE IN 19TH CENTURY DUDLEY By ELEANOR JANE RAMSEY A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of Master of Philosophy (B) Institute of Archaeology and Antiquity College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham September 2011 i University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. ABSTRACT The 19th century was a time of intense change in Britain, especially in terms of booming population, and industrial output. The urban landscape of the country was particularly affected and Dudley, in the heart of the Black Country, is a good example of an industrial town that underwent severe transformation during this dramatic period. Due to its urban nature archaeology of this period, however, is a finite and ever decreasing resource. This research aims to utilise documentary sources to enhance our understanding of the changes to the urban and industrial environment, and to fill in gaps in our knowledge of its nature and distribution. This was achieved by identifying appropriate censuses and trade directories, transforming them into a digital resource, identifying the spatial component of the data (streets and suburbs), generating a series of attributes regarding buildings, population and trades, and mapping them in a GIS project. The research demonstrates that the changes that occurred within the urbanised area of Dudley involved both outward growth and change in character to established streets within the town itself. The research also generated a GIS project for dissemination, to aid in future research of the area and this period. ii CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ..........................................................................................................5 1.1.1 The history of Dudley....................................................................................5 1.2.2 History and evaluation of the sources..........................................................8 Trade Directories....................................................................................................8 The Census ...........................................................................................................11 Historic Mapping..................................................................................................14 1.2.3 Significance of the research........................................................................20 1.3 Aims....................................................................................................................23 1.4 Objectives...........................................................................................................25 2.0 METHODS ........................................................................................................27 3.0 RESULTS...........................................................................................................37 3.1 Analysis of data sources (raw data) ...................................................................37 3.1.1 Mapping ......................................................................................................37 3.1.2 Census data.................................................................................................41 3.1.3 Trade directories.........................................................................................46 3.2 Statistical analysis of the data (attributes) ........................................................55 3.2.1 Counts .........................................................................................................56 3.2.2 Ratios...........................................................................................................72 3.2.3 Change ........................................................................................................75 3.3 Discussion of selected mapping.........................................................................76 3.4 Integration with existing datasets ...................................................................136 4.0 DISCUSSION ...................................................................................................140 5.0 CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................145 6.0 REFERENCES...................................................................................................147 APPENDIX 1 – List of Booth Armstrong Classifications of Occupations (after Armstrong 1972) ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 150 APPENDIX 2 – List of attributes created for suburb and street shapefiles ………………….… 154 APPENDIX 3 – The GIS project (includes CD with data and map) ………………………………..…181 iii List of Tables Table 2.1 ‐ Trade directories included in initial data entry exercise........................................33 Table 3.1: List of initial attributes of the suburb shapefile......................................................38 Table 3.2: List of initial attributes for the street shapefile ......................................................39 Table 3.3: Count of entries by year for individual suburbs .....................................................49 Table 3.4: List of suburbs by year showing total number of entries and entries recorded at suburb level only ................................................................................................................52‐53 Table 3.5: Growth of Dudley and Suburbs – Number of buildings ..........................................57 Table 3.6: Growth of Dudley and the Suburbs – Population ..................................................60 Table 3.7: Simple categories by date ......................................................................................62 Table 3.8: Number of new trade categories (revised categories) for selected streets by date .........................................................................................................................................65 Table 3.9: Average number of people recorded per building on each census year for each suburb .....................................................................................................................................73 Table 3.10: Full list of mapped resources by date ..................................................................78 List of Figures Figure 1.1 – Location map ........................................................................................................3 Figure 1.2 – Dudley Metropolitan Borough boundary, with streets included in the GIS …......3 Figure 1.3 ‐ Streets and Suburbs ..............................................................................................4 Figure 1.4: Ordnance Survey 1st Edition ..................................................................................15 Figure 1.5: Courts map of Dudley 1785 ..................................................................................16 Figure 1.6: Treasures map of Dudley 1835 .............................................................................17 Figure 1.7: Map of Dudley 1836 .............................................................................................18 Figure 1.8: Richards map of Dudley 1865 ..............................................................................18 Figure 2.1 ‐ Sample enumeration page from Census .............................................................29 Figure 2.2 ‐ Sample summary page from census ...................................................................29 Figure 2.3 – Sample page from a trade directory ...................................................................32 Figure 3.1: Graph showing growth of Dudley and selected suburbs by accumulative street length ......................................................................................................................................40 Figure 3.2: Streets as allocated to suburbs .............................................................................41 Figure 3.3: Examples of census enumeration blocks ..............................................................42 Figure 3.4: Overall data compared to data recorded at suburb level only .............................44 Figure 3.5: Overall data for Dudley compared to data recorded at suburb level only ...........44 Figure 3.6: Overall data for Eve Hill and Kates Hill compared with data recorded at suburb level only ................................................................................................................................45 Figure 3.7: Overall data for Dixons Green and Netherton compared with data recorded at suburb level only ....................................................................................................................45 Figure 3.8: Graph showing overall numbers of entries for each