Context and Humor: Understanding Amul advertisements of India Radhika Mamidi Language Technologies Research Centre (LTRC) Kohli Center on Intelligent Systems (KCIS) IIIT Hyderabad, Hyderabad [email protected] Abstract. Contextual knowledge is the most important element in understanding language. By contextual knowledge we mean both general knowledge and discourse knowledge i.e. knowledge of the situational context, background knowledge and the co-textual context [10]. In this paper, we will discuss the importance of contextual knowledge in understand- ing the humor present in the cartoon based Amul advertisements in India. In the process, we will analyze these advertisements and also see if humor is an effective tool for advertising and thereby, for marketing. These bilingual advertisements also expect the audience to have the appropriate linguistic knowledge which includes knowledge of English and Hindi vo- cabulary, morphology and syntax. Different techniques like punning, portmanteaus and parodies of popular proverbs, expressions, acronyms, famous dialogues, songs etc are em- ployed to convey the message in a humorous way. The present study will concentrate on these linguistic cues and the required context for understanding wit and humor. Keywords: Visual Humor · Context· Amul advertisements· Incongruity· Hinglish 1 Introduction Amul advertisements1, hereby Amul ads, are unique and are a treat for a common man as well as a lin- guist. These Indian ads, appearing in billboard format, have been around for over 45 years. These adver- tisements are for the product butter. Amul Company has many other products ranging from milk to ice- creams, cheese to chocolates, and milk powder to beverages. By 2005, Amul entered the global market2 as well. They also have many other commercials in different modes including videos. But the one for butter is the most popular and most consistent one. The billboards, placed at strategic locations in dif- ferent cities of India, are changed on a weekly basis. The many blogs, articles and its fan groups on social networks like Facebook3 reflect its popularity. Research work on these ads has been done by [11], [37], [39]. We have collected about 1250 ads for our study from Amul’s website4. To analyze the ads, first we will discuss the important elements in the ad and then classify the ads based on different parameters 1The brand name "Amul," from the Sanskrit "Amoolya," means “priceless”. Formed in 1946, it is a dairy coopera- tive in India. It is managed jointly by the cooperative organization, Gujarat Co-operative Milk Marketing Federa- tion Ltd. (GCMMF), and approximately 2.8 million milk producers in Gujarat, India. 2 http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-marketing/amul-seeks-a-slice-of-global- market/article2194983.ece 3 https://www.facebook.com/amul.coop/ 4 http://www.amul.com/hits.html including the pragmatic function. Then, we will look at the types of puns used which require contextual knowledge for understanding. As the target audience needs to be literate English-Hindi bilinguals and well-informed about the current events – politics, sports, films, social issues etc. and also have a good prior knowledge of popular songs, proverbs, sayings etc., wit may or may not be always the best mar- keting strategy. 2 Important elements in Amul ads The main elements of Amul ads are the picture, the main text and the slogan. The picture is what catch- es the attention of the audience, what ignites the curiosity being always the key factor to read the mes- sage [6]. The contextual knowledge helps in forming the cohesive link between the textual message and the event depicted as a picture. The slogan usually refers to the event or people and links it with the product butter in a witty way. 2.1 The picture Amul girl, the iconic figure with round eyes and blue hair [Fig. 7], transforms herself into different per- sonalities or accompanies different personalities. The personalities are easy to recognize as they are often the one in the news in that week. The pictures may be a replica of the pictures found in newspa- pers or in posters as shown below in Fig.1 and Fig. 3. Fig. 1. Movie poster of ‘Bunty aur Babli’ Fig. 2. Mimic of the movie poster ‘Bunty aur Babli’ As can be seen, Fig. 2 is a replica of Fig. 1. If one is familiar with the poster, then one can make out that the figures in the ad are Abhishek Bachchan, Amitabh Bachchan and Rani Mukherjee. Fig. 3. Picture of Bush in newspapers Fig. 4. Mimic of the shoe-hurling incident Similarly, if one followed the news of an unhappy journalist hurling a shoe at President Bush, then one can figure out that that ad (Fig. 4) is about this event5. So, if one is abreast of current affairs, one can make out the target personality or event. Can you tell who the personalities in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 are? Fig. 5. Mimic of the movie poster ‘Krrish 3’ Fig. 6. New uniform of RSS volunteers 2.2 The main text Once the personalities in the images are resolved, one gets an idea about the event being referred to. Then, the wit in the text can be understood in a better way. In Fig. 4, the personality is George Bush and the main text “Joota kahin ka” (shoe from somewhere) is a pun on the word ‘joota’ which means shoe. There is an allusion to the commonly used phrase “jhooTha kahin ka” meaning ‘liar from somewhere’ or ‘What a liar!’ Not always the text is understood so easily. For example, the next ad (Fig. 9) is based on the movie poster of ‘Kaminey’ (Fig. 8), but the text is understood only after watching the movie or knowing about the story in the movie. The main protagonists are twins and one of them has lisping problem and pro- nounces /s/ as /f/. So FUPER MAFKA! actually means ‘super maska’ (‘maska’ is butter in Hindi). Fig. 7. The Amul mascot Fig. 8. ‘Kaminey’ poster Fig. 9. Mimic of ‘Kaminey’ movie poster Similarly, in Fig. 5 if one identifies the personalities as Hrithik Roshan and Kangana Ranaut from the movie ‘Krrish 3’, it will be easy to recall the legal notices served by them to each other based on the ‘kiss and tell’ event6. And, of course, Fig. 6 has enough clues to show the personality as a RSS7 5 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_shoeing_incident 6 http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/hrithik-kangana-fight-affair-details-timeline/1/812885.html 7 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh (Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh) volunteer and the RSS’ decision8 to lenghthen the hem of the 90 year old dress code of khakhi shorts to trouser. 2.3 The slogan/byeline Slogans have an important role to play. By repetition, they become part of our memory and also every- day language [25]. The slogan for Amul ads is ‘Utterly Butterly Delicious’. But it is not used always as seen in the ads above. Sometimes a parody of it is used as seen in the ad about ‘Bunty aur Babli’ (Fig. 2: Bun, tea aur Butterly), Facebook (Fig. 10: utterly twitterly delicious), other times it is substituted alto- gether with a different slogan as seen in the ad about Bt Brinjals9 (Fig. 11 Fully natural). It is used in such a way that it also refers to the product butter. For example, in Fig. 4 Attack it refers to attacking Bush or attack the butter, Fully natural (Fig. 11) to the brinjals (eggplants) or to the butter. Fig. 10. Emergence of Social Media Fig. 11. Bt Brinjals debate issue 2.4 The language used in the ads According to Leech [16], the four principles of advertising texts are: Attention value, Readability, Memorability and Selling power. If the picture draws one’s attention first, the language used for the main text and slogans play a key role in advertising. In a competitive world, the copywriters make sure their advertising texts are compact and all the elements are connected. The language of advertising throws light on a whole new kind of discourse [5], [14], [32]. An important element of Amul ads is its use of metaphorical switching or code switching between English and Hindi freely. The corpus helps us study the code used in the ad from over a period of time. If only monolingual English ads prevailed earlier, later Hindi made its way and there was code-mixing and code-switching, though the script remained Roman. Now, we have what we call as “Hinglish” which is equal use of English and Hindi elements blended as one single code. Hinglish is the language of the new generation10. Codeswitching is inevitable in a multilingual society [24]. Naturally, it is reflected in advertise- ments [11], [17], [18]. Hinglish or for that matter Tenglish (Telugu and English), Tamlish (Tamil and English) or Punglish (Punjabi and English) are English language blended with a regional language. The function of this code may be stated to be for proficiency in communication. This code is here to stay. The new generation wants to mark it as their own language; they want to decolonize English and give it an Indian flavour. Most of the international brands make use of Hinglish to relate closely with the Indi- an. We see that it is not just the words that are borrowed, but also the syntactic structures of Indian Eng- lish. For example, the slogans for Coke “Life ho to aisi” (Life should be like this), Pepsi “Yeh dil 8http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rsss-new-khaki-pants-revealed-today-but-to-mixed-reviews-1451756 9http://www.esgindia.org/campaigns/press/say-no-bt-brinjal-say-no-release-genetic.html 10 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/6122072.stm maange more” (The heart wants more), McDonald’s “What your bahana is?” (What’s your excuse?) and Domino’s Pizza “Hungry, kya?” (Are you hungry?).