+ Työn otsikko: In the Shadow of Freedom Life on board the oil tanker Abstract ................................................................................................................... 3 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................. 4 List of Tables .......................................................................................................... 7 Glossary: sailor, seaman, crew ................................................................................... 7 I “I am a free wanderer, a restless soul” – an introduction to seafarers' views on freedom 8 Sailors symbolize freedom ............................................................................................. 9 Studying sailors ........................................................................................................ 11 How sailors view the world – theoretical background ................................................. 13 Worldviews in flux ................................................................................................... 15 Dimensions of worldview ......................................................................................... 16 One size does not fit all: the dangers of worldview models ................................. 18 What the world looked like from a windjammer ...................................................... 19 The study of worldviews and values ........................................................................ 20 The aim and scope of this study ................................................................................... 22 An ethnography of the modern Finnish shipworld ................................................... 22 Methodological aspirations ...................................................................................... 23 The freedom discourses of Finnish seafarers ........................................................... 23 What will follow ....................................................................................................... 24 II Transporting the ancient life: fieldwork on board ........................................................ 24 Sailing the field ............................................................................................................. 25 Notes in the dark: when the fieldworker is a worker ................................................ 27 “How dare you take my paper!” – Problems of nativeness ...................................... 28 The field is under construction: fieldwork on ten tankers ............................................ 31 Insider views, outsider views ................................................................................... 33 “What did you come here for?” ............................................................................ 37 Interviews and field journals - the material of the study .............................................. 39 Notes on the field ...................................................................................................... 39 Interviews with sailors .............................................................................................. 40 A sailor interviewing sailors ................................................................................. 42 An ordinary seaman managing interview situations ............................................ 43 A company researcher interviewing sailors ......................................................... 44 The topics of the interviews ................................................................................. 47 Reflections on interviews ..................................................................................... 48 Processing the data ............................................................................................... 48 III A shipworld ethnography ............................................................................................ 49 A history of Finnish sailors and seafaring .................................................................... 51 Finnish sea life under Swedish rule .......................................................................... 53 Finnish sea life under the Russian empire ................................................................ 54 Young sailors ........................................................................................................ 55 The shift to the modern shipworld ............................................................................ 56 The romantic becomes an engineer - contemporary sea life .................................... 58 Sailors abroad ....................................................................................................... 60 The organization of shipworld ...................................................................................... 61 Time and space in shipworld .................................................................................... 61 1 Arbitrary time ....................................................................................................... 63 Space ..................................................................................................................... 64 Hierarchical space ................................................................................................ 65 Judicial space ........................................................................................................ 67 Hierarchy and organization ...................................................................................... 68 The mechanistic approach .................................................................................... 68 “God on board”: the captain as an authority figure .............................................. 71 The organizational chart of an oil tanker .............................................................. 72 “Duty and Mutiny” ............................................................................................... 73 Just below the rats: the formal hierarchy and the social organization .................. 75 The privacy of the goldfish bowl: closed community, total institution .................... 76 Orphanages, mental hospitals, jails, ships, and monasteries ................................ 77 The brim of the goldfish bowl .............................................................................. 79 Fieldwork in a goldfish bowl ................................................................................ 80 Gender in shipworld ..................................................................................................... 82 A ship is loaded with masculinities .......................................................................... 83 Enacting masculinities .............................................................................................. 85 She weighed anchor .................................................................................................. 86 Gender myths ........................................................................................................ 88 Gendered language ................................................................................................... 89 Occupational titles: plenty of men and one girl .................................................... 89 Hey girl, this is a rope ........................................................................................... 90 Glass ceilings in ship(world) .................................................................................... 91 When the hair-do is ruined and the fingernails break ........................................... 93 Please come down that ladder! ............................................................................. 96 Sexual harassment – “Oh no, you don’t complain about that!” ............................... 98 Women without gender .......................................................................................... 102 Shipworld and the freedom of seamen ................................................................... 105 IV The sailor’s freedom .................................................................................................. 105 Rhetoric in the study of freedom ................................................................................ 107 Metaphors in the study of freedom ......................................................................... 109 Worldviews, rhetoric and metaphors in the study of freedom ............................... 111 Metaphors in the air, followed by abduction .......................................................... 113 The freedom of Kalle Aaltonen .................................................................................. 115 Ask in ‘Frisco, Hull, Melbourne, ask down Rio way: longing ............................... 119 No sorrow abounds, if our Kalle's around!: the maverick ...................................... 122 I'm not bragging but that's Kalle Aaltonen: identity ............................................... 126 “A race apart” ..................................................................................................... 127 “Caliphs and ragamuffins” ................................................................................. 129 Metaphors for workers and supervisors ............................................................. 131 Swashbucklers and sea whores cause prejudice on land ...................................