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TECHNICAL REPORT Exploring the Association Between Military Base Neighborhood Characteristics and Soldiers’ and Airmen’s Outcomes Sarah O. Meadows • Laura L. Miller • Jeremy N. V. Miles • Gabriella C. Gonzalez • Brandon T. Dues Approved for public release; distribution unlimited C O R P O R A T I O N This report results from the RAND Corporation’s Investment in People and Ideas program. Support for this program is provided, in part, by donors and by the independent research and development provisions of RAND’s contracts for the operation of its U.S. Department of Defense federally funded research and development centers. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication data is available for this publication. ISBN: 978-0-8330-7851-3 The RAND Corporation is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. R® is a registered trademark. © Copyright 2013 RAND Corporation Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Copies may not be duplicated for commercial purposes. Unauthorized posting of RAND documents to a non-RAND website is prohibited. RAND documents are protected under copyright law. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit the RAND permissions page (http://www.rand.org/publications/ permissions.html). Published 2013 by the RAND Corporation 1776 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138 1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050 4570 Fifth Avenue, Suite 600, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-2665 RAND URL: http://www.rand.org To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information, contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002; Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: [email protected] Preface This report explores the applicability of neighborhood studies theory and social indicators research to our understanding of the quality of life in and around military bases. Preliminary research suggests that a neighborhood studies assessment of military installations and their environs could contribute to military decisionmaking in such areas as programming and distribution of resources across base support services. This exploratory analysis also highlights gaps in neighborhood studies methodology that need to be addressed in future research. Finally, we outline how a more in-depth neighborhood studies analysis of military installations could be conducted. This report results from the RAND Corporation’s continuing program of self-initiated independent research. Support for this program is provided, in part, by donors and by the independent research and development provisions of RAND’s contracts for the operation of its U.S. Department of Defense federally funded research and development centers. This research was conducted within the RAND Arroyo Center’s Manpower and Training program, with the cooperation of RAND Project AIR FORCE’s (PAF’s) Manpower, Personnel, and Training Program. RAND Arroyo Center and PAF, both part of the RAND Corporation, are federally funded research and development centers sponsored by the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force, respectively. Additional information about these centers is available on their websites: http://www.rand.org/ard.html and http://www.rand.org/paf.html. iii Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................ iii Figures............................................................................................................................................ ix Tables ............................................................................................................................................. xi Summary ...................................................................................................................................... xiii Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................................... xvii Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... xix Chapter One. Introduction .............................................................................................................. 1 Background ............................................................................................................................................... 1 Objective ................................................................................................................................................... 2 Organization .............................................................................................................................................. 3 Chapter Two. Neighborhood Studies and Social Indicators Research ........................................... 5 The Field of Neighborhood Studies .......................................................................................................... 5 Social Interactions ................................................................................................................................. 6 Infrastructure ......................................................................................................................................... 8 Neighborhood Studies Methodology ........................................................................................................ 8 Defining a Neighborhood ........................................................................................................................ 10 Measures Used in Quantitative Studies of Neighborhood Effects .......................................................... 12 Key Relationships Between Neighborhoods and Health ........................................................................ 16 Currently Recognized Limitations of Neighborhood Studies ................................................................. 17 The Complementary Field of Social Indicators Research ...................................................................... 19 Neighborhood Characteristics in Military Personnel Research .............................................................. 21 The Current Study ................................................................................................................................... 23 Chapter Three. Data and Methods ................................................................................................ 27 Installation and Neighborhood Data ....................................................................................................... 27 Census Data ............................................................................................................................................. 28 Methods for Ranking the Military Neighborhoods ................................................................................. 32 Multilevel Modeling ........................................................................................................................... 36 Army Data ........................................................................................................................................... 36 Air Force Data ..................................................................................................................................... 37 Chapter Four. Case Study 1: U.S. Army Installations .................................................................. 39 Army Base Neighborhoods ....................................................................................................................