PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/112924 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2018-07-08 and may be subject to change. Kinderen en Media in Indonesië: Industrie, Boodschap en Publiek Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. mr. S.C.J.J. Kortmann, volgens besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 9 oktober 2013 om 16.30 uur precies door Hendriyani geboren op 5 September 1976 te Jakarta, Indonesië Promotoren : Prof. dr. L. S. J. d’Haenens Prof. dr. J.W. J. Beentjes (Universiteit van Amsterdam) Copromotor : Dr. E. Hollander Manuscriptcommissie : Prof. dr. C. J. Hamelink (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) Prof. dr. J. L. H. Bardoel Prof. dr. J. M. A. M. Janssens Kinderen en Media in Indonesië: Industrie, Boodschap en Publiek/Hendriyani Sociale Wetenschappen, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, Proefschrift ISBN 978-94-6191-826-0 © Hendriyani Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden verveelvuldigd, opgeslagen in een geautomatiseerd gegevensbestand, of openbaar gemaakt, in enige vorm of op enige wijze, hetzij elektronisch of mechanisch, door fotokopieȅn, opnamen, of op enige andere manier zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de auteur. Children and Media in Indonesia: Industries, Messages, and Audiences Doctoral Thesis to obtain the degree of doctor from Radboud University Nijmegen on the authority of the Rector Magnificus prof. dr. S.C.J.J. Kortmann, according to the decision of the Council of Deans to be defended in public on Wednesday, October 9, 2013 at 16.30 hours by Hendriyani Born on September 5, 1976 in Jakarta, Indonesia Supervisors : Prof. dr. L. S. J. d’Haenens Prof. dr. J.W. J. Beentjes (Universiteit van Amsterdam) Co-supervisor : Dr. E. Hollander Doctoral Thesis Committee: Prof. dr. C. J. Hamelink (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) Prof. dr. J. L. H. Bardoel Prof. dr. J. M. A. M. Janssens Children and Media in Indonesia: Industries, Messages, and Audiences/Hendriyani Social Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen, Doctoral Thesis. ISBN 978-94-6191-826-0 © Hendriyani All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any other means, electronic, mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the author. Acknowledgements Writing this dissertation has been a long journey, a blessed one. Along the process I have had the opportunity of meeting many wonderful people, who have shared their knowledge, experience, empathy, and emotional strength with me. I am forever grateful to them. First, I would like to thank Leen d’Haenens, Ed Hollander, and Hans Beentjes for being the real supervisors for me; not only academically but also emotionally. Long driving hours from Belgium to the Netherlands and back, replying emails at weird hours due to different time zones, checking the content and grammar of my writings, giving encouraging words, and challenging my arguments are only parts of what they have done for me; they have made all these years not- so-difficult for me. I also thank the junior researchers, the staff and faculty at the Department of Communication and the International Office of Radboud University Nijmegen for allowing me to knock on their door any time. Robin Kayser, Monique Greup-Diesfeldt, and Susanne Samuelsz for taking care of me every time I was back in Nijmegen; Lieve Jacques for the English translation and correction; Jan Bosman for method advice and dinners together; Mariska for sharing her experiences; Pascale, Paul, Ruben, Henk, Carlo, Fred, Addie, and Ellen for the tea, coffee and lunch times together or even just for nodding in the corridor; and Serena Daalmans for agreeing to become my paranymph. Of course, I also thank my colleagues at the Department of Communication and former Diploma 3 Program of University Of Indonesia for their continuous support when I was in Jakarta or Nijmegen or elsewhere. Ilya Sunarwinadi and Awang Ruswandi as Head and Vice Head of Department; Ken Reciana, Chandra Kirana, Rosy Pagiwati for arranging my teaching schedule; Onna, Tuti, Ratna, Onne, Deki, Evi, and all supporting staffs; Billy Sarwono and Nina Armando, my former bosses and now dear friends, for all their caring attention. I also thank all my resource persons from the television industry, as policy makers, civil society, and as audiences. Especially, I thank my colleagues at Yayasan Pengembangan Media Anak (Guntarto, Iyay, Ike, Meiftia, Rizka, Deni, Amelia, Topan and others) who have assisted me with my research. I am also grateful for the financial support from the Radboud University Nijmegen and the Directorate General of Higher Education Ministry of Education and Culture of Indonesia. Thanks to Dinie Hoogstrate for providing me a place to call home in Nijmegen; Gerald and Erni The for their warm hugs; Flo Boekitwetan, Cacuk and Wili Purwanto for always welcoming me in their homes; my fellow PhD candidates from Indonesia who gave color to my social life in Nijmegen; Deasy Simandjuntak who picked me up the first time I arrived at Schiphol and accompanied me in the last steps of my doctorate candidacy; Winnie, Arni, Ika, and Asti for their warm friendship that reminds me of the fun part of life. I also thank Wahyu Cahyono who has accompanied me through the serious and not-so-serious parts of this journey. Finally, I express my deepest gratitude to my family: my parents Hendrik Miauw and Herlina, my brother Fredy Miauw and Ely Tan, Aunt Luliana, and Grandmother Ku; who always mentioned my name in their prayers. I know that they do not always understand my choices, but they love me anyway. Thank you all so very much. Tables of Contents Table of contents i List of Tables v List of Figures v Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 1 1.1. Exploring the field of children and media in Indonesia 1 1.2. Concerns about children and media in Indonesia 4 1.3. Media literacy in Indonesia 5 1.4. Media literacy in other countries 7 1.5. Lack of empirical research on Indonesian children’s changing media environment 11 1.6. Research objectives and research questions 13 1.7. Research methods 16 1.8. Limitations and added values of this study 17 1.9. Organization of content 18 Chapter 2. CHILDREN’S TELEVISION IN INDONESIA: BROADCASTING POLICY AND THE GROWTH OF AN INDUSTRY 21 2.1. Setting the scene 21 2.2. Aims, scope and methods 23 2.3. A quick glance at the Indonesian television landscape 25 2.3.1. The first wave of commercial television 27 2.3.2. The second wave of commercial television 28 i 2.4. Children’s television regulation in Indonesia 30 2.5. Patterns of children’s television programs and production over four decades 34 2.5.1. The 1970s, the start of children’s television 35 2.5.2. The 1980s, everybody loves Unyil 36 2.5.3. The 1990s, the more the merrier 38 2.5.4. The invasion of cartoons as of 2000 40 2.6. Conclusions 43 Chapter 3. CHANGES IN CULTURAL REPRESENTATIONS ON INDONESIAN CHILDREN’S TELEVISION FROM THE 1980s TO THE 2000s 45 3.1. Setting the scene 45 3.2. Aims, scope and theoretical framework 49 3.3. Method 51 3.3.1. The coding instrument 52 3.3.2. Reliability test 53 3.4. Findings on social-cultural characteristics 54 3.5. Cultural values over time 58 3.6. Conclusion and discussion 60 Chapter 4. CHILDREN’S MEDIA USE IN INDONESIA 67 4.1. Setting the scene 67 4.2. Theoretical background 71 4.3. Method 72 4.3.1. Measures 72 ii 4.4. Result 74 4.4.1. Media environment and ownership at home 74 4.4.2. Media use 78 4.4.3. Media use: Gratification sought 82 4.5. Conclusion and discussion 84 Chapter 5. VIEWS ON CHILDREN’S MEDIA USE IN INDONESIA: PARENTS, CHILDREN AND TEACHERS 91 5.1. Setting the scene 91 5.2. Views on children’s media use 94 5.3. Methodology 96 5.3.1. Measures 98 5.4. Findings 99 5.4.1. Parental values, concerns, and attitudes toward television and computers 99 5.4.2. Parents’ and children’s views on media use rules and media-related discussions 103 5.4.3. Media availability and time spent using media 105 5.4.4. Teachers’ values, concerns, and attitudes toward television and computers 108 5.5. Discussion and recommendation 110 Chapter 6. OVERALL DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS OF THE STUDY 115 6.1. The Indonesian children’s television industry 116 6.2. Children’s television messages in Indonesia 120 6.3. Media audiences in Indonesia 123 iii 6.4. Recommendations 126 6.4.1. Future research 127 6.4.2. Policy recommendations 129 REFERENCES 137 APPENDICES Appendix 1. Codebook Content Analysis (in English) 157 Appendix 2. Buku Kode Analisis Isi (in Indonesian) 171 Appendix 3. Questionnaire for children (in English) 185 Appendix 4. Kuesioner untuk anak (in Indonesian) 197 Appendix 5. Questionnaire for parents (in English) 209 Appendix 6. Kuesioner untuk orangtua (in Indonesian) 219 Appendix 7. Questionnaire for teachers (in English) 229 Appendix 8. Kuesioner untuk guru (in Indonesian) 237 Summary 245 Ringkasan (Summary in Indonesian) 253 Samenvatting (Summary in Dutch) 261 Curriculum Vitae 271 iv List of Tables Table 2.1. Children’s television output 35 Table 2.2. Average output of children’s television on all stations 41 Table 3.1. Composition of children’s television genre per decade and percentage of local production 47 Table 3.2.