Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology Institute of Landscape Development, Recrea- University of Veterinary Medicine, tion and Conservation Planning, University of Vienna Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna ISWIMAN Integrated Sustainable Wildlife Management Principles, Criteria and Indicators for Hunting, Forestry, Agriculture, Recreation Friedrich Reimoser, Wolfgang Lexer, Christiane Brandenburg, Richard Zink, Felix Heckl, Andreas Bartel ISBN_Online: 978-3-7001-7216-1 DOI: 10.1553/ISWIMAN-2 Vienna, 2013 2nd, improved edition (1st ed. 2012) ext. German version, 2008: DOI: 10.1553 / ISWIMAB Supported by the Man and Biosphere (MaB) Programme of the Austrian Academy of Sciences Impressum and Acknowledgements AUTHORSHIP AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Project co-ordination Univ.-Prof. DI Dr. Friedrich Reimoser, Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology (FIWI), University of Vet- erinary Medicine Vienna, A-1160 Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1; DI Wolfgang Lexer, Umweltbundesamt GmbH (Austrian Environment Agency, UBA), A-1090 Vienna, Spittelauer Lände 5 Authors Univ.-Prof. DI Dr. Friedrich Reimoser, Dr. Richard Zink, both: Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology (FIWI), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, A-1160 Vienna, Savoyenstraße 1 Univ. Prof. DI Dr. Christiane Brandenburg, Institute of Landscape Development, Recreation and Con- servation Planning (ILEN), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, A-1190 Vienna DI Wolfgang Lexer, Ing. Felix Heckl, DI Andreas Bartel, all: Umweltbundesamt GmbH (Austrian Environment Agency, UBA), A-1090 Vienna, Spittelauer Lände 5 Translation editing Prof. Robert Kenward, Vice-chair of IUCN Sustainable Use and Livelihoods Specialist Group Robin Sharp CB, Chair Emeritus of IUCN/SSC European Sustainable Use Specialist Group Acknowledgments The project team wishes to thank all persons, enterprises and institutions who have supported the pro- ject and contributed to putting together the publication, in particular the Austrian Academy of Sciences and Dr. Günter Köck for subsidising the project. We especially thank the following institutions, enterprises and persons for their crucial support: Austri- an Federal Forests (ÖBf-AG, FD Johannes Wimmer); City of Vienna Forestry Office and Urban Agri- culture (MA 49); Vienna Woods Biosphere Reserve (Biosphärenpark Wienerwald) Management Ltd.; Office of the Government of Lower Austria (Abt. LF4); Central Office of the Austrian Provincial Hunting Associations (Zentralstelle Österreichischer Landesjagdverbände); Fund for Environmental Studies – Tyrol (Förderungsverein für Umweltstudien, FUST-Tirol, Achenkirch, Austria); Municipality of Alland (Mayor Johann Grundner); local farmers‘ association Baden (DI Franz Karpf), Mödling and Tulln; Insti- tute for Ecology (E.C.O); Mag. Bettina Jakl-Dresel (Translation). Special thanks are similarly extended to all those who assisted this project within the framework of the project platform and to the working team of hunt-professionals and those who cooperated with that team ,all participants in the field tests as well as the expert interviews: Herwig Baumgartner (Austrian Tourist Club), Hans-Martin Berg (Nature Conservation), Erwin Chloupek (ASV Section Horse Riding), Michael Gratz (Mountain Biking, Public Relations), Gerhard Gruber (Biosphere Reserve Wienerwald Management), Johann Grundner (Mayor of the Municipality of Alland), Petrus Hakala (Wienerwald Tourism), Franz Hascher (Farmer), Friedrich Holzinger (Austrian State Forests), Andreas Janusko- vecz (City of Vienna, MA 49), Stephan Jeitler (Forest Management Stift Schotten), Gerhard Jonas (Mayor of the Municipality of Gablitz), Franz Karpf ( Farmers’ Association of Baden District), Gerfried Koch (Biosphere Reserve Wienerwald Management), Rudolf Konrad (Hunting Organisation), Gernot Kuran (Federal State Government, LF4), Günther Lauscher (City of Vienna, MA 49), Peter Lebersorg- er (Hunting Association), Patricia Lechner (Austrian State Forests), Günther Loiskandl (Biosphere Re- serve Wienerwald Management), Alexander Mayer (Forest Inspection), Michael Neudecker (Austrian State Forests), Franz Nöstler (ARGE Horse Riding Wienerwald), Gerald Oitzinger (Austrian State For- ests), Josef Prenner (Austrian State Forests), Florian Ruzicka (Biosphere Reserve Wienerwald Man- agement), Ulrike Schimek (Hunter), Hubert Schöny (Farmer, Innkeeper, Horse Breeding), Hubert Schwarzinger (Federal State Government, LF4), Manfred Steiner (Nature Conservation Association), Christoph Stockert (Private Forest Owner, Hunter), Herbert Weidinger (City of Vienna, MA 49), Mar- cus Weihs (Hunting Leaseholder), Johannes Wimmer (Austrian State Forests), Ferdinand Winzer (Farmers’ Association), Lieselotte Wolf (Farmer, Holiday accommodation, Horses), Simone Wagner (Biosphere Reserve Wienerwald Management). Title photos From top: Umweltbundesamt GmbH, I. Drozdowski, F. Reimoser, F. Heckl ISBN_Online: 978-3-7001-7216-1 DOI: 10.1553/ISWIMAN-2 ISWIMAN – Integrated Sustainable Wildlife Management – Principles, Criteria and Indicators Table of Contents 3 Table of Contents ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................. 4 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 5 2 CONTEXT WITHIN THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABILITY ............................ 8 3 METHODS ...................................................................................................... 11 3.1 Study area ................................................................................................................. 11 3.2 Participatory research methods ............................................................................. 12 3.3 Development of indicators for an integrated approach ........................................ 15 3.3.1 Nature of the problem ................................................................................................. 15 3.3.2 Conceptualisation and system delimitation ................................................................ 16 3.3.3 Identification of interface issues ................................................................................. 20 3.3.4 Function and application of the PCI-Sets ................................................................... 26 3.3.5 Interrelationship of the Assessment Sets ................................................................... 26 3.4 Guidelines for management and monitoring ......................................................... 27 4 RESULTS ....................................................................................................... 29 4.1 Inter-sectoral interfaces ........................................................................................... 29 4.2 Principles, criteria and indicators (PCI) ................................................................. 29 4.2.1 Content-related design of the assessment sets and user instructions ....................... 29 4.2.1.1 Starting kit for the busy reader ................................................................................................. 29 4.2.1.2 Range of application and frame of reference ........................................................................... 30 4.2.1.3 Structure of the assessment sets ............................................................................................. 37 4.2.1.4 Definition of terms .................................................................................................................... 40 4.2.2 Overview of the sets of principles, criteria and indicators .......................................... 44 4.2.2.1 PCI-Set Sustainable Hunting ................................................................................................... 45 4.2.2.2 PCI-Set Forest Management ................................................................................................... 49 4.2.2.3 PCI-Set Agriculture .................................................................................................................. 52 4.2.2.4 PCI-Set Leisure & Recreation .................................................................................................. 54 4.2.3 Evaluation scheme ..................................................................................................... 57 4.2.3.1 Evaluation – Type 1 ................................................................................................................. 57 4.2.3.2 Evaluation – Type 2 ................................................................................................................. 59 5 CONTEXTS FOR INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF HABITAT AND WILDLIFE ....................................................................................................... 61 6 OUTLOOK ...................................................................................................... 63 7 REFERENCES ............................................................................................... 64 8 ANNEX: Four co-ordinated Sets of Principles, Criteria and Indicators for Integrated Sustainable Wildlife Management ............................................. 67 ISWIMAN – Integrated Sustainable Wildlife Management – Principles, Criteria and Indicators Abstract 4 ABSTRACT Wild animals and their habitats are exposed to multiple impacts caused by hunting and many other often overlapping and competing land-use activities within the wildlife habitat. In partic- ular in multiple-use cultural landscapes the interaction