Stefan Mann Forest Protection and Sustainable Forest Management in Germany and the P.R. China – A Comparative Assessment – BfN – Skripten 311 2012 Forest Protection and Sustainable Forest Management in Germany and the P.R. China – A Comparative Assessment – Results and Documentation of a Comparative Study and the “Fourth Sino-German Workshop on Biodiversity Conservation” 29 June - 2 July 2011, Isle of Vilm organised by German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES) Stefan Mann Photo credits: S. Mann, S. Xiubo, K. Lehmann, C. Großheim Author’s address: Dr. Stefan Mann ECO Consulting Group Hersfelder Strasse 17 36280 Oberaula E-mail: [email protected] Scientific Supervision: Christian Großheim Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN) Kerstin Lehmann Federal Agency for Nature Conservation FG II 3.1, FG I 2.3 Konstantinstrasse 110 53179 Bonn, Germany E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Dr. Xiushan Li Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES) 8 Dayangfang BeiYuan Road Chaoyang District, Beijing 100012, China E-mail: [email protected] N.B.: This report has been prepared on behalf of the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN). The views expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect official opinions of BfN. 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ISBN 978-3-89624-046-0 Bonn, Germany 2012 Contents 1 Preface ........................................................................................................................................... 5 2 The German and Chinese Forest Sector – Basic Facts ......................................................... 8 2.1 Germany ................................................................................................................................ 8 2.2 China ...................................................................................................................................... 9 2.3 Basic Similarities and Differences .................................................................................... 12 3 Forest Governance: Legal-Regulatory & Organizational Framework Conditions ............. 15 3.1 Germany .............................................................................................................................. 15 3.1.1 Legal and Regulatory Basics .................................................................................... 15 3.1.2 Organizational Frameworks – Forest Sector Administrations ............................. 25 3.2 China .................................................................................................................................... 31 3.2.1 Legal-Regulatory Basics ............................................................................................ 32 3.2.2 Organizational Frameworks – Forest Sector Administrations ............................. 43 4 Forest Ownership ....................................................................................................................... 47 4.1 Germany .............................................................................................................................. 47 4.2 China .................................................................................................................................... 51 5 Forest Policy: Sustainability, multi-purpose Forestry, Forest Professionalism and the Forces challenging them ........................................................................................................... 60 5.1 Germany .............................................................................................................................. 60 5.1.1 The Emergence of Forest Policy & Forest Policy Challenges ............................. 60 5.1.2 Sustainability – Origins and Trends of Development ............................................ 61 5.1.3 Multi-purpose forest management – Changing Perceptions about Forest Functions, Goods and Services................................................................................ 63 5.1.4 The Stakeholder Landscape – Forest Professionalism, Group Interests, and Civil Society Participation .......................................................................................... 70 5.1.5 Policy Processes and Programs in Support of Forest Protection and SFM ...... 72 5.2 China – Forest Policy Frameworks for Forest Protection and the Transition towards SFM ...................................................................................................................................... 79 5.2.1 Forest-related Policies and Programs since 1949 ................................................. 79 5.2.2 The Mechanics of Forest Policy – from Formulation to Implementation ............ 91 5.2.3 Reality Check: Key-Challenges for Promoting SFM in China .............................. 92 6 Synopsis ....................................................................................................................................... 99 6.1 SFM Concepts in Germany and China............................................................................ 99 6.2 Options for mutual learning and cooperation ............................................................... 102 6.3 Approaches to SFM and their Significance for Biodiversity Conservation ............... 104 7 Reference Literature................................................................................................................. 111 1 Listing of Acronyms AAC Annually Allowable Cut ABS Access and Benefit Sharing A/R Afforestation and Reforestation AFPNet Asia-Pacific Forest Rehabilitation and Sustainable Forest Management Network AGDW Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Waldbesitzerverbände (Umbrella Organization of German Forest Owners Associations) AID AID Infodienst Ernährung, Landwirtschaft, Verbraucherschutz (Information Service on Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection) ANW Arbeitsgemeinschaft Naturgemäße Waldwirtschaft (Working Group for Close-to-Nature Forest- ry) BCM Bilateral Coordination Mechanism BDF Bund Deutscher Forstleute (German Association of Professional Foresters) BfN Federal Agency for Nature Conservation BFU Beijing Forestry University BMELV Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection BMU Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety BMZ Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development BWI Bundeswaldinventur (Federal Forest Inventory) CAF Chinese Academy of Forestry CAS Chinese Academy of Science CASS Chinese Academy of Social Sciences CBEEX China Beijing Environmental Exchange CCBA Climate Community and Biodiversity Alliance CCFB Conversion of Cropland to Forests Program CCFC China Forest Certification Council CCICED China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development CDM Clean Development Mechanism CFB County Forestry Bureau CGCF China Green Carbon Foundation C&I Criteria and Indicators CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna CPC Communist Party of China CRAES Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences CSR Corporate Social Responsibility DFV Deutscher Forstverein (German Forestry Association) DFWR Deutscher Forstwirtschaftsrat (German Forestry Council) DNR Deutscher Naturschutzring (German Nature Conservation Circle) EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPBF Environmental Public Benefit Forest ENGO Environmental Non-governmental Organization EU European Union FCPF Forest Carbon Partnership Facility FEDRC Forest Economics and Development Research Centre FIBDP Forest Industrial Base Development Program FLEG Forest Law Enforcement and Governance FMA Forest Management Association(s) FMP Forest Management Plan FMPI Forest Management Planning Inventory FMU Forest Management Unit FoN Friends of Nature FSC Forest Stewardship Council FYP Five Year Plan GIZ German Agency for International Cooperation GONGO Non-governmental Organization established by, or affiliated with Government Agencies HCVF High Conservation Value Forest HRC Household Responsibility Contract IFCC International Forestry Cooperation Center IFF Intergovernmental Forum on Forests IGBAU Industriegewerkschaft Bauen, Agrar, Umwelt (Workers’ Union for the Construction, Agriculture and Environmental Sectors) IKM Information and Knowledge Management INGO International