H6309-Prelims.qxd 6/24/05 9:20 AM Page i Future Forms and Design for Sustainable Cities This page intentionally left blank H6309-Prelims.qxd 6/24/05 9:20 AM Page iii Future Forms and Design for Sustainable Cities Mike Jenks and Nicola Dempsey AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Architectural Press is an imprint of Elsevier H6309-Prelims.qxd 6/24/05 9:20 AM Page iv Architectural Press An imprint of Elsevier Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 30 Corporate Drive, Burlington, MA 01803 First published 2005 Editorial matter and selection Copyright © 2005, Mike Jenks and Nicola Dempsey. All rights reserved Individual contributions Copyright © 2005, the Contributors. All rights reserved No parts of this publication may be reproduced in any material form (including photocopying or storing in any medium by electronic means and whether or not transiently or incidentally to some other use of this publication) without the written permission of the copyright holder except in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England W1T 4LP. Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science and Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (ϩ44) (0) 1865 843830; fax: (ϩ44) (0) 1865 853333; e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress ISBN 0 7506 6309 X For information on all Architectural Press publications visit our website at http://books.elsevier.com Typeset by Charon Tec Pvt. Ltd, Chennai, India www.charontec.com Printed and bound in Great Britain H6309-Prelims.qxd 6/24/05 9:20 AM Page v Contents Contributors xi Acknowledgements xiii Introduction 1 Mike Jenks and Nicola Dempsey Section One – The Big Picture: Cities and Regions 11 1. Back to the City: A Route to Urban Sustainability 13 Bob Giddings, Bill Hopwood, Mary Mellor and Geoff O’Brien 2. The Intelligent City: Ubiquitous Network or Humane Environment? 31 Guy Briggs 3. Towards the Spatial Sustainability of City-regions: A Comparative Study of Tokyo and Randstad 55 Akiko Okabe 4. The Multi-modal Urban Region: A Concept to Combine Environmental and Economic Goals 73 Luca Bertolini 5. Creating a Sustainable City Region 95 Raymond Green 6. Forecasting the Sustainability of Alternative Plans: The Cambridge Futures Experience 113 Marcial Echenique v FUTURE FORMS H6309-Prelims.qxd 6/24/05 9:20 AM Page vi Contents Section Two – Designing for Sustainable Urban Form at High and Lower Densities 135 7. The City and the Megastructure 137 Justyna Karakiewicz 8. High-density, High-rise and Multiple and Intensive Land Use in Hong Kong: A Future City Form for the New Millennium 153 Stephen Lau, Jun Wang, R. Giridharan and S. Ganesan 9. From Central Business District to New Downtown: Designing Future Sustainable Urban Forms in Singapore 167 Perry Pei-Ju Yang 10. Towards a Sustainable City: Rebuilding Lower Manhattan 185 Beverly Willis 11. Upper City Transformations: A New Strategy for High-density Development 207 Ineke Hulshof 12. Sustainable Cells of Urbanism: Regenerative Theory and Practice 221 Tom J. Bartuska and Bashir A. Kazimee 13. Sustainable Urbanity in a Powerful but Fragile Landscape 245 Ferdinand S. Johns 14. Envisioning the Future: Sustainable Models for Rural Communities 263 Helena Webster and Peter Williams Section Three – Aspects of Design for Sustainable Urban Forms 285 15. The Language and Meaning of Density 287 Mike Jenks and Nicola Dempsey 16. Urban Densities, Quality of Life and Local Facility Accessibility in Principal Japanese Cities 311 Kiyonobu Kaido 17. Emerging Work Patterns and Their Implication on the Strategy and Planning of Work Environments 339 Nicola Gillen 18. Solar Cities: The Oxford Solar Initiative 355 Susan Roaf, Manuel Fuentes and Rajat Gupta 19. Quantification of Urban Solar Access 371 John Mardaljevic vi FUTURE FORMS H6309-Prelims.qxd 6/24/05 9:20 AM Page vii Contents 20. A Comparative Sustainability Assessment and Indication of Future Housing Trends in Hong Kong 393 Alex Amato, Richard Frewer and Steven Humphrey Conclusion: Future Forms for City Living? 413 Nicola Dempsey and Mike Jenks Index 439 vii FUTURE FORMS This page intentionally left blank H6309-Prelims.qxd 6/24/05 9:20 AM Page ix Contributors Alex Amato Marcial Echenique Assistant Professor Professor of Land Use and Transport Department of Architecture Studies The University of Hong Kong The Martin Centre for Architectural Hong Kong SAR and Urban Studies People’s Republic of China University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK Tom J. Bartuska Richard Frewer Professor of Architecture Chair Professor School of Architecture Department of Architecture Washington State University The University of Hong Kong Washington DC, USA Hong Kong SAR People’s Republic of China Luca Bertolini Lecturer Manuel Fuentes Amsterdam Study Centre for the Research Associate Metropolitan Environment Oxford Institute for Sustainable University of Amsterdam Development Amsterdam, School of the Built Environment The Netherlands Oxford Brookes University Oxford, UK Guy Briggs S. Ganesan Associate Director Professor EDAW Department of Architecture London, UK The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong SAR Nicola Dempsey People’s Republic of China PhD Researcher Oxford Institute for Sustainable Bob Giddings Development Principal Lecturer School of the Built Environment School of the Built Environment Oxford Brookes University Northumbria University Oxford, UK Newcastle-on-Tyne, UK ix FUTURE FORMS H6309-Prelims.qxd 6/24/05 9:20 AM Page x Contributors Nicola Gillen Mike Jenks Workplace Consultant and Architect Professor Emeritus and Co-Director of the DEGW Oxford Institute for Sustainable London, UK Development Oxford Brookes University Oxford, UK R. Giridharan PhD Researcher Department of Architecture Ferdinand S. Johns The University of Hong Kong Professor of Architecture Hong Kong SAR School of Architecture People’s Republic of China Montana State University Montana, USA Raymond Joseph Green Kiyonobu Kaido Vice-President Professor Town and Country Planning Association Faculty of Urban Science London, UK Meijo University Japan Rajat Gupta Postdoctoral Research Fellow Justyna Karakiewicz Oxford Institute for Sustainable Associate Professor Development Department of Architecture School of the Built Environment The University of Hong Kong Oxford Brookes University Hong Kong SAR Oxford, UK People’s Republic of China Bill Hopwood Bashir A. Kazimee Researcher Professor of Architecture Sustainable Cities Research Institute School of Architecture Northumbria University Washington State University Newcastle-on-Tyne, UK Washington DC, USA Stephen Siu Yu Lau Ineke Hulshof Associate Professor, Hon. Director Architect Center for Architecture and Urban Design Stichting Bovenstad for China and Hong Kong Uppercity Foundation Department of Architecture Hulshof Architecten The University of Hong Kong Rotterdam, The Netherlands Hong Kong SAR People’s Republic of China Steven Humphrey Assistant Director John Mardaljevic Davis Langdon and Seah Management Senior Research Fellow Ltd. (Hong Kong Office) Institute of Energy and Sustainable Hong Kong SAR Development De Montfort University People’s Republic of China Leicester, UK x FUTURE FORMS H6309-Prelims.qxd 6/24/05 9:20 AM Page xi Contributors Mary Mellor Jun Wang Professor and Lecturer MPhil Researcher Sustainable Cities Research Institute Department of Architecture Northumbria University The University of Hong Kong Newcastle-on-Tyne, UK Hong Kong SAR People’s Republic of China Geoff O’Brien Helena Webster Senior Lecturer in Environmental Reader in Architecture Management and Planning Department of Architecture School of Applied and Molecular School of the Built Environment Sciences Oxford Brookes University Northumbria University Oxford, UK Newcastle-on-Tyne, UK Peter Williams Akiko Okabe Architectural Assistant Architect PRP Architects Assistant Professor Surrey, UK Chiba University Chiba, Japan Beverly Willis Architect President, Beverly Willis Architecture Perry Pei-Ju Yang Foundation Assistant Professor President, Architecture Research Department of Architecture Institute, Inc. School of Design and Environment New York, NY, USA National University of Singapore Singapore Susan Roaf Professor Oxford Institute for Sustainable Development School of the Built Environment Oxford Brookes University Oxford, UK xi FUTURE FORMS H6309-Prelims.qxd 6/24/05 9:20 AM Page xii Captions for photos on reverse of section inter-leafs Figure Section 1: Urban networks, the Randstadt, Netherlands (Source: Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (2001) Summary: Making Space: Sharing Space, Fifth National policy Document on Spatial Planning 2000–2020, The Hague, Netherlands, p32.) Figure Section 2: Innovative housing design, Java Island, Amsterdam (Source: Mike Jenks) Figure Section 3: High density cycle park! (Source: Mike Jenks) Figure Conclusion: