How to Manage your Hedges for Grass Snakes Introduction Hedges are more than just lines of shrubs. They usually have some sort of herbaceous growth at or near the base and many contain emergent trees. They may be set on banks and can have ditches along one or both sides. The best hedges have wide margins, often referred to as buffer strips or headlands, which are managed differently from the arable or grass crop. These five different components: mature/ emergent trees, shrub layer, base/bank, ditch and margins, need to be thought about when deciding how to manage a hedge. A Good Hedge for Grass Snakes The key hedge components for grass snakes are the base, shrub layer, ditch and margin. These are used throughout the year for shelter, feeding, Hedge with bramble margin Photo: Rob Wolton hibernation and/or moving through the landscape. The hedge base not only provides hibernation sites, such as rotten tree stumps, large logs and protection from predators, but can also be a good source of prey (e.g. frogs, toads and newts). Field ditches are also favoured by frogs, toads and newts, upon which grass snakes prey. Field margins provide basking places, tussocky grass, hollows, etc. A good hedge for grass snakes (Natrix natrix) is one that is south-facing and includes four key hedge components. The hedge should have a varied vegetation structure and height with wet and dry habitats (for them to warm up and cool down), brambly/thorny areas (offering shelter), a field margin with a wet ditch (for hunting), an unshaded, sunny, field margin (for basking), preferably with small banks, hummocks, hollows (for more protection and easier hunting). Grass snakes also need well-connected landscapes, allowing them to move easily from place to place. A well-connected hedge enables grass snakes to access different habitat patches; to move from a main egg laying site (for example, a manure heap on a farm) to a pond in another area of the farm (for hunting) to a hibernation site (sunny bank or woodland). Tussocky field margin Photo: Rob Wolton Hedge Components used by Grass Snakes Mature/Emergent Trees x Shrub Layer Bank/Base Ditch Margin Field ditch alongside hedge Photo: Rob Wolton Key Management Tips Three factors grass snakes need are warmth, structural complexity and well connected habitat patches. The maintenance of a mosaic of habitats and structurally diverse edge sites (i.e. field margins) are important to this species and can be improved by: Maintaining and improve joined-up habitat patches used by grass snakes, e.g. hedges with ditches, stone walls, field margins, ponds, meadows, etc. Allowing hedges to develop ‘soft’ edges through scrub growth. Managing scrub to allow a mix of rough grassland and scrub. Managing field margins as rough grassland/scrub mosaics, cutting every few years on a rotational basis to avoid over-shading by scrub. Ideally this would take place in winter, cutting to a minimum sward height of 5-10cm. Joining wet places like ponds and ditches to other habitats used by grass snakes, creating new ditches, ponds and connecting hedges where necessary. Creating structural diversity along hedge bases and margins by retaining tree trunks, stumps, logs and brash. Using hedges or make other connections between the hedge and existing breeding areas/features such as manure piles. Also, construct egg-laying sites from piles of cut vegetation along the south-facing edge of a hedge, or manure piles and woodchip piles elsewhere on the farm. Maintaining an adequate field margin width to provide suitable sunny basking sites for grass snakes. Ecology of the Grass Snake Reptiles in the British Isles are generally found in open habitats, with structurally diverse ground vegetation providing a range of thermal microhabitats across the landscape, for example, niches for hunting, breeding, hibernating and body temperature regulation. The grass snake is more tolerant of intensive agriculture than any other reptile. Its survival relies heavily on linear/edge feature connectivity in the landscape, such as hedges. The grass snake is the longest snake in Britain, growing to over a metre. It is grey-green in colour, with a distinctive yellow and black collar around the neck, with black bars down the sides of its body. Grass snakes feed primarily on amphibians and are the only egg-laying snake in the Grass snake British Isles. Photo: Fred Holmes Grass snakes are found throughout much of lowland Britain. They are more common in the south, becoming increasingly scarce in northern England and only just ranging into Scotland. There are six reptiles in the British Isles protected under the Wildlife & Countryside Act 1981 (as amended); grass snake, adder (Vipera berus), smooth snake (Coronella austriaca), common lizard (Zootoca vivipara), sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) and slow worm (Anguis fragilis). They are all recognised as species of principal importance for the conservation of biodiversity under Section 41 (England) and Section 42 (Wales) of the Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) Act (2006). The sand lizard & smooth snake are additionally protected under Grass snake The Conservation of Habitats & Species Regulations 2010 (as amended). Photo: Fred Holmes Further information Edgar, P., Foster, J. & Baker, J. (2010) Reptile Habitat Management Handbook. http://www.arc-trust.org/resources/RHMH.php Amphibian & Reptile Conservation Trust. www.arc-trust.org Hedgelink leaflet (2013)The Complete Hedge Good Management Guide. www.hedgelink.org.uk .