MORPHOMETRICS AND VISUAL ECOLOGY OF THE ASIAN CITRUS PSYLLID Diaphorina citri KUWAYAMA (HEMIPTERA: LIVIIDAE) By THOMSON M. PARIS A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2016 © 2016 Thomson Paris To my mother and father ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Funding for this research was in a large part provided by Drs. Phil Stansly and Sandra Allan through grants from the Citrus Research and Development Foundation. I thank Dr. Stansly, committee chair for his continued support, wise advice, counsel and encouragement throughout this process. I also thank other members of my committee Dr. Sandra Allan, Dr. Susan Halbert, and Dr. Dean Gabriel for their time, support, council and advice concerning my research. I would like to thank Dr. Sandra Allan for opening her lab, investing enormous amount of time, and providing all the tools necessary for successful research. I thank Dr. Richard Mankin for his support in providing help by means of advice, lab space, and volunteers. I thank Scott Croxton for assisting in the collection of ACP over the course of the years, for providing a place to stay while in Immokalee, and for many long talks. I thank Dr. Cesar Monzo for assisting in the collection of ACP in two different groves. I thank Jane Sharpe for making sure I never went hungry and also for providing much support in maintaining plants and ACP colonies at the USDA. I thank Heidi Burnsides for her work in assisting the morphometrics project, visual behavior bioassays and making sure the plants were always in good condition. I thank Barukh Rohde for his fellowship in all things research and in assisting in the recruitment of many wonderful undergraduate volunteers. I thank all the volunteers who assisted in various parts of the research; without you many elements of this research would not have been possible (Sandy Sanchez, Neha Pundi, Gabriella Hetsey, Klea Kulla, Katie Kang, Richard Robinson, Moshe Kodesh, Krystell Prince, Divyakshi Solanki, Meghan Medacier, Inbar Aberman, Morgan Hull, Danny Ghannoum, Daniel Fiallkovsky, Mary Kate Sirianni, Joe Denicola and Maya Jones). I thank Robert Aldridge and Nina Zagvazdina for their support. I thank Bradley Udell, the 4 best of the best. I thank Dr. Seth McNeil for providing assistance with computer coding and general wisdom. I thank Eric Paulsen for assistance when building several different bioassay arenas. I thank Larry Pitts for invaluable help with development of the variable resistance box. I thank Betty Weaver and Everett Foreman for their good humor and assistance in many different projects. I would like to thank my good friend and biological illustrator Xavier Moss for providing such excellent drawings of psyllids. I thank my family and girlfriend for their support and commitment to seeing me through this process, I love you all. I am thankful to God for leading me down this path. 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 9 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 11 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 1 LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 17 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 17 History of Morphometrics .................................................................................. 18 Allometry .......................................................................................................... 21 Morphometric Variation .................................................................................... 22 Host plant Location ........................................................................................... 23 Color Choice Studies ........................................................................................ 24 Polarized Light .................................................................................................. 27 Circadian Clocks .............................................................................................. 28 Objectives ............................................................................................................... 30 2 HOST PLANT AFFECTS MORPHOMETRIC VARIATION OF Diaphorina citri ...... 33 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 33 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 35 Host Plants and ACP Rearing .......................................................................... 35 Preparation and Digitization of Specimens ....................................................... 36 Geometric Morphometrics ................................................................................ 38 Data Analysis ................................................................................................... 38 Results .................................................................................................................... 40 Traditional Morphometrics ................................................................................ 40 Geometric Morphometrics ................................................................................ 42 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 44 3 MORPHOMETRIC EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON ASIAN CITRUS PSYLLID ................................................................................................... 61 Introduction ............................................................................................................. 61 Materials and Methods............................................................................................ 64 Insect Colony .................................................................................................... 64 Effect of Temperature ....................................................................................... 64 Effect of Photoperiod ........................................................................................ 65 Field Collection of ACP .................................................................................... 65 6 Preparation and Digitization of Specimens ....................................................... 67 Geometric Morphometrics ................................................................................ 68 Data Analysis ................................................................................................... 68 Results .................................................................................................................... 70 Effect of Temperature ....................................................................................... 70 Effect of Photoperiod ........................................................................................ 72 Color Morphs .................................................................................................... 73 Field Collection ................................................................................................. 75 Host Plants ....................................................................................................... 77 Discussion .............................................................................................................. 78 4 THE RELATIONSHIP OF REARING DENSITY IN THE LAB AND FIELD TO MORPHOMETRIC VARIATION OF Diaphorina citri ............................................. 102 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 102 Materials and Methods.......................................................................................... 104 Field Collection ............................................................................................... 104 Insect Colony .................................................................................................. 107 Effect of ACP Rearing Density ....................................................................... 107 Preparation and Digitization of Specimens ..................................................... 108 Traditional morphometrics .............................................................................. 109 Geometric morphometrics .............................................................................. 109 Data Analysis ................................................................................................. 110 Results .................................................................................................................. 111 Effect of sampling location .............................................................................. 111 Effect of Density ............................................................................................. 113 Color Morph .................................................................................................... 114 Discussion 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