International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research ISSN: 2455-2070; Impact Factor: RJIF 5.22 Received: 25-03-2019; Accepted: 28-04-2019 www.socialsciencejournal.in Volume 5; Issue 3; May 2019; Page No. 173-181 Common speech errors in l2: Categorization, Analysis, and Implication Christine V Pepito Department of Languages and Literature, Cebu Normal University, Cebu, Philippines Abstract English is Filipinos' Second Language (L2). It is used and understood by most people in the community. In a person's daily conversation using the L2, speech errors occur regularly and spontaneously. This study sought to identify, categorize and analyze the 20 speech errors committed by random users of English as a Second Language in different contexts in a normal speech or communication. It also sought to provide its implication to English Language Teaching. The study employed the Qualitative descriptive research design through context analysis. Qualitative descriptive research design is completely derived from the data gathered and is generally characterized by collecting data and analysis simultaneously. Qualitative data analysis was used to analyze and give a level of explanation and interpretation of the data gathered. Speech errors detected firsthand by the researcher were documented using a speech monitoring log in a span of one month. The study revealed that speech errors detected were categorized into seven according to types such as anticipation, perseveration, metathesis or exchange, blends, addition, misdeviation and shift. The data showed that substitution speech errors are prevalent compared to all other error types. These errors happened due to the movement, exchange, and substitution of a phonological or morphological segment to another. Most of the speech errors regardless of type are highly phonological. This implies that most of the speech errors were on the production of phonemic sounds which are nearly related to the intended speech. English teachers play an important role in honing students' speaking skills and preparing them to become fluent and effective communicators in the future. It is, therefore, the responsibility of the teachers to provide lessons that would challenge students to be fluent and to produce the correct speech. Students may also be encouraged to practice self-repair more to prevent the same mistakes in speech production in the future. Teachers may also research strategies in correcting students' speech error to properly address the problem. Keywords: second language (L2), speech errors, phonological error, speech production 1. Introduction language and thought. Moreover, this study intends to Natural speech is not perfect. Speech errors occur regularly provide its implication to English Language Teaching. and spontaneously in a person's day-to-day conversation. It This study is beneficial to all English speakers who have may be funny for many but frustrating for some. Now, it has been experiencing slips of the tongue particularly to those been the object of exploration and investigation in the field whose work demands them to speak fluently and efficiently. of psycholinguistics. Speech errors, also commonly known People who are always asked to talk in front of others may as "slips of the tongue", generally refers to the unsuccessful use this study to further understand why speech errors speech in a normal oral communication where there is a happen and what should they do to lessen the embarrassing mismatch involving the sounds of the language. It is misunderstandings brought by it especially in oral commonly regarded as the mistakes one commits in communication. English teachers may also use the findings speaking and articulating words which are the contrast of of this study in designing their speaking activities. successful and continuous communication. Moreover, it contributes to the very limited studies Sigmund Freud (1901) refers to these errors as a form of conducted around the world about speech errors. self-betrayal of inner thoughts which come from controlled, unintended desires. Yule (1996, as stated by Young, 2016) 2. Theoretical background believes that when a person's tongue and the brain do not The study is anchored on the three theories of speech error work harmoniously, slips of the tongue occur. He suggests such as the Theory of Parapraxis by Sigmund Freud (1901), that our word-shortage system allows us to retrieve words Perception loop theory by Levelt (1983) [9] and Natural easily than others due to phonological information. Phonology by David Stampe (1979). Longham Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Theory of Parapraxis by Sigmund Freud (1901) is also Linguistics (2003) [15] defined this phenomenon as the called Freud's Theory of the Slips of the Tongue. Freud mistakes one commits in the course of pronunciation and posits that speakers commit speech errors or slips of the sentence making. tongue as a result of a psychological disturbance not by This study is focused on the common speech errors, linguistic factors. It is the manifestation of the person's specifically slips of the tongue, in the second language cognitive state. This means that the errors take place due to committed by random L2 speakers in a normal speech or the semantic influence of the mind which are dependent on communication. It aims to categorize, discuss, and analyze the speaker's intended utterance. What was actually said these errors to provide a better understanding of the tells what the person was thinking at the moment. These language production process and the relationship between slips are verbal or memory mistakes which reveal the 173 International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Research person's secret thoughts, emotions, wishes and beliefs today in order to explain the nature of speech production he/she holds (Cherry, 2018). In addition, Freud (1901) and to identify the causes and remedy to correct or prevent believed that most of the slips committed by people were these errors in our daily communication. Studies conducted sexual in nature thus, surfacing the deeply repressed desires aimed to give insight into the relationship between language from the person's subconscious. This is the reason why he and thought in speech production. According to Levelt also sees the slips of the tongue as the "window of the soul" (2013), the study of psycholinguistics shows that using which makes the person feel embarrassed and betrayed by diaries to record naturally occurring observations, the his/her thoughts (Bilcik, 2018). speech errors, in this case, has a long history in the study of Perceptual Loop Theory proposed by Levelt (1983) [9] is a the development of language (Vitevitch, 2015). theory of speech monitoring which assumes that a speech Speech errors are commonly known as slips of the tongue. comprehension system checks the quality of a person's One of the significant contributors is Vicktoria Fromkin speech. This speech monitoring system inspects one's (1973) [14] who contended that slips of the tongue are often observable speech and the inner plan or also called the the product of a sound produced from one word is carried to "inner loop". The speech rate or speed are considered one of the next. According to her, though slips of the tongue are the factors affecting the time planning interruption and considered as an error of articulation, it was suggested that repair (Hartsuiker, 2001). they might be a result from "slips of the brain" since pre- Moreover, Levelt (1995) [9] believed that utterances are planning of words to be uttered are organized in the brain. produced through stages such as conceptual preparation, Moreover, Fromkin (1991) posits that speech error reveals grammatical encoding, phonological encoding and lastly, the speakers' competence in using the language and articulation. He further explained that as a speaker, you hear performance based on the produced form. your own overt speech which becomes part of the speeches Smith (2003) identified three levels of tongue slips such as you hear or overheard. This may be used by the speaker to sound errors which happens when sounds are interchanged, monitor and do a repair in his own speech which explains morpheme errors where morphemes are interchanged and the fact that one can detect speech errors before it is spoken lastly, word errors which refer to the interchange of words. loudly. (Dell & Jacobs, 2016) [2]. Yule (1996) as stated by Young (2016) suggests that slips of Natural Phonology Theory advocated by David Stampe the tongue occur when the speaker's brain and tongue fail to (1969,1979, 1981) is a theory which views phonology of work together to produce the intended utterance. He language as subconscious mental processes which mediate contends that one's phonological information is limited thus, between an intended but unpronounceable and creating a "word shortage" system where some words are pronounceable lexical form of utterances. The theory deals more easily retrieved than others. with the phonological processes which contain the system of Meringer (1895) [10] is considered as the father of the natural human vocal and perceptions to the difficulties linguistic tradition when it comes to speech error analysis. encountered in speech production and perception. It Meringer's approach states that the influence of another emphasizes that phonological processes are motivated component of the same speech stream by the semantic phonetically. Humans are believed to have the same formation of ideas contained within the same context caused potential to respond to the difficulties of speech. the disturbance of speaking manifested in a slip of the In addition, this theory makes two important assumptions. tongue. In contrast to the previous claims, Mirenger (1895) First, phonemes are images of the sounds of language in our [10] disregard psychological factors as having an impact in mind. Second, the natural response of human beings to the the normal speech production process. relative difficulties of sound production is by substituting Similarly, Shutter (2004) stated that speech error is a one sound or one class of sound for another.