Appendix: Background of Women Leaders Name/position Education/ Marital status/ Previous Dates in office/age Occupation Children Political Positions Aquino, Corazon college degree widow none Philippines—President homemaker 5 children (1986–1992) / 53 Arroyo, Gloria PhD—economics married vice president Philippines—President college professor 3 children several minor (2001–) / 53 ministries Arteaga, Rosalia law degree married vice president Ecuador—President lawyer 3 children education (1997) / 40 minister Bachelet, Michelle MD separated defense minister Chile—President pediatrician 3 children health minister (2006–) / 54 Bandaranaike, Sirimavo secondary widow party leader Sri Lanka—PM education 3 children (1960–1964; 1970–1977; homemaker 1994–2000) / 44 Barbara, Agatha secondary single deputy PM Malta—President education several cabinet (1982–1987) / 59 politician positions Bhutto, Benazir graduate studies married party leader Pakistan—PM politician 3 children (1988–1990; 1993–1996) / 35 Boye, Madior law degree married justice minister Senegal—PM jurist 2 children (2001–2002) / 61 Brundtland, Gro MD and MPH married environmental Norway—PM physician 4 children minister (1981; 1986–1989; parliament 1990–1996) / 41 member Continued 230 Appendix Appendix Continued Name/position Education/ Marital status/ Previous Dates in office/age Occupation Children Political Positions Burdzhanadze, Nino doctorate and law married parliamentary Georgia—Interim degree 2 children speaker President college professor environmental (2004–2005) / 39 minister Calmy-Rey, Micheline graduate degree married vice president Switzerland—President politician 2 children foreign affairs (2007) minister Camelia Romer, Susanne law degree married deputy prime Netherlands lawyer minister Antilles—PM justice minister (1993; 1998–1999) / 35 party leader Campbell, Kim law degree and ABD divorced judicial minister Canada—PM lawyer no children defense minister (1993) / 45 Chamorro, Violeta some college widow Sandinista Nicaragua—President newspaper publisher 4 children junta; later in (1990–1996) / 60 opposition Charles, Mary Eugenia law degree single opposition Dominica—PM lawyer no children leader (1980–1995) / 61 parliament member Ciller, Tansu PhD—economics married economics Turkey—PM college professor 2 children minister (1993–1996) / 47 Clark, Helen MA—political married deputy PM New Zealand—PM studies no children several minor (1999–) / 49 college instructor ministries Cresson, Edith PhD—demography married agriculture France—PM politician 2 children and other (1991–1992) / 49 minor ministries Degutiene, Irena MD degree social welfare Lithuania—PM physician minister (1999) / 49 Das Neves, Maria Sao graduate degree married economics and Tomé and World Bank commerce Principe—PM UNICEF minister (2002–2004) / 44 Continued Appendix 231 Appendix Continued Name/position Education/ Marital status/ Previous Dates in office/age Occupation Children Political Positions Diogo, Luisa MA—economics separated finance minister Mozambique—PM World Bank officer 3 children national budget (2004–) / 46 director Domitien, Elizabeth secondary education married party leader Central African businesswoman 1 child Republic —PM (1975–1976) / 50s Dreifuss, Ruth college degree single federal council Switzerland—President civil servant no children home minister (1999) / 58 Berne council Finnbogadottir, Vigdis college degree divorced none Iceland—President theater director 1 child (1980–1996) / 50 Gandhi, Indira some college widow party president India—PM politician 2 children information (1966–1977; minister 1980–1984) / 48 Gueiler Tejada, Lydia secondary education divorced parliamentary Bolivia—President accountant 1 child president (1979–1980) / 56 party leader Halonen, Tarja law degree married justice , foreign, Finland—President lawyer 1 child and (2000–) / 56 social ministries Han, Myung-Sook doctorate in women married gender equality South Korea—PM studies 1 child and (2006–2007) / 62 politician environment minister Hasina (Wajed), Sheikh college graduate married opposition Bangladesh—President politician 2 children leader (1996–2001) / 48 party leader Indzhova, Reneta doctorate in divorced executive Bulgaria—PM economics 1 child director for (1994–1995) / 41 college professor privatization Jaatteenmaki, Anneli law degree married parliamentary Finland—PM politician speaker (2003) / 48 justice minister Jagan, Janet some college widow several cabinet Guyana—PM and politician 2 children posts President (1997–1999) / 77 Continued 232 Appendix Appendix Continued Name/position Education/ Marital status/ Previous Dates in office/age Occupation Children Political Positions Jongh-Elhage, Emily de college degree Married education Netherlands realtor and Antilles—PM teacher housing (2006) / 59 ministries Kinigi, Sylvie graduate studies widow economic Burundi—PM economics 5 children advisor (1993–1994) / 40 civil servant Kirchner, Cristina law degree married senator Argentina—President lawyer 2 children (2007–) / 54 Kumaratunga, Chandrika graduate studies in widow provincial Sri Lanka—President econ. development 2 children governor (1994–2005) / 49 politician Liberia-Peters, Maria graduate studies married parliament Netherlands educational 2 children finance minister Antilles—PM administration provincial (1984–1986; council 1988–1993) / 43 Louisa-Godett, Mirna married none Netherlands Antilles—PM (2003–2004) / 49 McAleese, Mary law degree married none Ireland—President law professor 3 children (1997–) / 46 university admin. Meir, Golda secondary education widow foreign and Israel—PM politician 2 children labor minister (1969–1974) / 70 ambassador to UN and USSR Merino, Beatriz law degree single head national Peru—PM lawyer no children tax (2003) / 54 administrator parliament member Merkel, Angela PhD-physics married party leader Germany—Chancellor researcher no children family and (2005–) / 51 environmental ministries Continued Appendix 233 Appendix Continued Name/position Education/ Marital status/ Previous Dates in office/age Occupation Children Political Positions Moscoso, Mireya some college widow party leader Panama—President businesswoman 1 child (1999–2004) / 52 Pascal-Trouillot, Ertha law degree widow supreme court Haiti—President lawyer 1 child justice (1990–1991) / 46 Patil, Pratibha law degree married state governor India—President MA 2 children deputy chair of (2007–) / 72 lawyer Rajya Sabha Peron, Isabel primary education widow vice president Argentina—President entertainer no children (1974–1976) / 43 Perry, Ruth college degree widow senator Liberia—President politician 7 children (1996–1997) / 57 bank executive Pintasilgo, Maria de L. college degree in single ambassador to Portugal—PM engineering no children UNESCO (1979–1980) / 49 researcher social affairs minister Planinc, Milka college degree married communist Yugoslavia—PM politician 2 children party executive (1982–1986) / 57 revolutionary Prunskiene, Kazimiera PhD in economics divorced deputy prime Lithuania—PM College professor 3 children minister (1990–1991) / 47 Robinson, Mary law degree married Trinity College Ireland—President lawyer 3 children representative (1990–1997) / 46 in senate Shipley, Jenny college degree married cabinet member New Zealand—PM teacher 2 children social affairs (1997–1999) / 45 minister Silveira, Maria do Carmo college degree central bank Sao Tomé and economist governor Principe—PM (2005–2006 ) / 44 Simpson-Miller, Portia MA public admin. divorced vice president- Jamaica—PM UN official 4 children PNP party (2006–2007) / 60 several minor ministries Continued 234 Appendix Appendix Continued Name/position Education/ Marital status/ Previous Dates in office/age Occupation Children Political Positions Sirleaf, Ellen Johnson college degree married finance minister Liberia—President social worker 1 child (2006–) / 67 Suchocka, Hanna doctorate in law single parliament Poland—PM lawyer no children member (1992–1993) / 46 Sukarnoputri, Megawati some college married vice president Indonesia—President homemaker 3 children party leader (2001–2004) / 54 Thatcher, Margaret law degree married opposition Great Britain—PM politician 2 children leader (1979–1990) / 54 several minor ministries Tuyaa, Nyam-Osoriyn graduate degree married foreign minister Mongolia—PM 3 children (1999) / 41 Tymoshenko, Yulia graduate degree married deputy prime Ukraine—PM economist 1 child minister (2005; 2007–) / 44 businesswoman party leader Uwilingiyimana, Agathe Master’s in chemistry married education Rwanda—PM secondary education 5 children minister (1993–1994) / 40 teacher Vike-Freiberga, Vaira PhD—psychology married none Latvia—President college professor 2 children (1999–2007 ) / 61 Werleigh, Claudette college degree married foreign minister Haiti—PM social service 2 children social affairs (1995–1996) / 49 minister Zia, Khaleda some college widow party leader Bangladesh—President homemaker 2 children opposition (1991–1996; leader 2001–2006) / 46 Notes One Introduction 1. “Women Greet World’s First Woman Prime Minister,” Ceylon Daily News (Colombo), Mar. 9, 1961, p. 3. 2. For a comparative study of the early women rulers, see Betty Millan, Monstrous Regiment: Women Rulers in Men’s Worlds (Windsor Forest, Berks, UK: Kensal Press, 1982). For brief sketches focusing on the experiences of these women rulers, refer to Guida M. Jackson, Women Who Ruled (Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1990) while for a more specialized study of women leaders, see Antonia Fraser, The Warrior Queens (NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 1989). 3. For a study of the life