Vol. 13, No. 2 , Spring 2013 CONTENTS 3 EDITOR’S CORNER 4 VALOUR 6 LETTERS TO THE EDITOR INTERDEPARTMENTAL CIVILIAN/MILITARY COOPERATION 8 CANADA’S WHOLE OF GovernMENT MISSION IN AFghanistan - LESSONS LEARNED by Kimberley Unterganschnigg Cover TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATION A two-seater CF-188 Hornet flies over the Parc des Laurentides en 17 ACTIVE Protection SYSTEMS: route to the Valcartier firing A Potential JacKpot to FUTURE ARMY Operations range, 22 November 2012. by Michael MacNeill Credit : DND Photo BN2012-0408-02 by Corporal Pierre Habib SCIENCE AND THE MILITARY 26 AN Overview OF COMPLEXITY SCIENCE AND its Potential FOR MilitarY Applications by Stéphane Blouin MILITARY HISTORY 37 THE Naval Service OF CANADA AND OCEAN SCIENCE by Mark Tunnicliffe 46 Measuring THE Success OF CANADA’S WARS: THE HUNDRED DAYS OFFENSIVE AS A CASE STUDY by Ryan Goldsworthy CANADA’S WHOLE OF 57 “FIGHT OR FarM”: CANADIAN FarMERS AND GOVERNMENT MISSION THE DILEMMA OF THE WAR EFFort IN WORLD WAR I (1914-1918) IN AFGHANIstan - by Mourad Djebabla LESSONS LEARNED VIEWS AND OPINIONS 68 CANADA’S FUTURE FIGHTER: A TRAINING CONCEPT OF Operations by Dave Wheeler 74 REDEFINING THE ARMY Reserves FOR THE 21ST CENTURY by Dan Doran 78 NCM Education: Education FOR THE FUTURE Now by Ralph Mercer COMMENTARY ACTIVE PROTECTION 82 What ARE THE Forces to DO? SYSTEMS: A POTENTIAL by Martin Shadwick JACKPOT TO FUTURE ARMY OPERatIONS 86 BOOK REVIEWS Canadian Military Journal / Revue militaire canadienne is the official professional journal of the Canadian Forces and the Department of National Defence. It is published quarterly under authority of the Minister of National Defence. Opinions expressed or implied in this publication are those of the author, and do not necessarily represent the views of the Department of National Defence, the Canadian Forces, Canadian Military Journal, or any agency of the Government of Canada. Crown copyright is retained. Articles may be reproduced with permission of the Editor, on condition that appropriate credit is given to Canadian Military Journal. Each issue of the Journal is published simultaneously in print and electronic versions; it is available on the Internet at www.journal.forces.gc.ca. ISSN 1492-465X Vol. 13, No. 2, Spring 2013 • Canadian Military Journal 1 CANADIAN How to Contact Us Canadian Military Journal / MILITARY Revue militaire canadienne JOURNAL Canadian Defence Academy www.journal.forces.gc.ca PO Box 17000, Station Forces Kingston, Ontario CANADA, K7K 7B4 Editor-in-Chief Publication Manager Fax: (613) 541-6866 David L. Bashow Claire Chartrand E-mail: [email protected] (613) 541-5010 ext. 6148 (613) 541-5010 ext. 6837 [email protected] [email protected] Translation Commentary Translation Bureau, Public Works and Martin Shadwick Government Services Canada Layout 17 Wing Publishing Office, National Defence, Winnipeg, Canada Oversight Committee AN OVERVIEW OF Chairman COMPLEXITY SCIENCE Major-General Pierre Forgues, Commander, Canadian Defence Academy (CDA) AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR MILItaRY Members APPLIcatIONS Mr. David L. Bashow, Editor-in-Chief, Brigadier-General Éric Tremblay, Commandant Canadian Military Journal (CMJ) Royal Military College of Canada (RMCC) Dr. Joel Sokolsky, Principal, Colonel Bernd Horn, Chief of Staff Strategic Training Royal Military College of Canada (RMCC) and Education Programs (COS STEP), Canadian Defence Academy (CDA) Colonel Jim Cottingham, representing Lieutenant-Colonel Christopher Waters, Chief of the Air Staff (CAS) Director Canadian Forces Military Law Centre Commander Hugues Canuel, representing (CFMLC), Canadian Defence Academy (CDA) Chief of the Maritime Staff (CMS) Ms. Hanya Soliman, representing Chief of the Major Andrew Godefroy, representing Director Defence Intelligence (CDI) General Land Capability Development (DGLCD) THE Naval SERVICE OF CANADA AND Editorial Board OCEAN SCIENCE Dr. Douglas Bland Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) David Last Major (ret'd) Michael Boire Dr. Chris Madsen Major Sylvain Chalifour Dr. Sean Maloney Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) Douglas Delaney Professor Brian McKercher Dr. Rocky J. Dwyer Dr. Paul Mitchell Lieutenant-Colonel (ret’d) Michael Goodspeed Dr. Nezih Mrad Major John Grodzinski Dr. Scot Robertson Dr. David Hall Professor Stéphane Roussel Professor Michael Hennessy Professor Elinor Sloan Professor Hamish Ion Chief Warrant Officer C.J. Thibault CANADA’S FUTURE Philippe Lagassé Colonel (ret’d) Randall Wakelam FIGHTER: A TRAINING CONCEPT OF OPERatIONS NOTE TO READERS As a bilingual journal, readers should take note that where citations are translated from their original language, the abbreviation [TOQ] at the end of the note, which stands for "translation of original quote", indicates to the readers that the original citation can be found in the published version of the Journal in the other official language. 2 Canadian Military Journal • Vol. 13, No. 2, Spring 2013 EDITOR’S CORNER elcome to the 50th issue of the Canadian post-graduate specialist in Canada’s combat role during the Military Journal. As one who has been First World War, homes in on what was perhaps the Canadian associated with the publication from the Corps’ most memorable accomplishment of the war, namely, outset, I take great heart from its endur- the Hundred Days Offensive of late-1918. “Ultimately, this ing nature, but I am also humbled by the article will argue that while on the tactical level, and to a Wall-too-rapid passage of time that has brought us to this stage lesser extent, the operational level, the offensive was success- of our development. All of us here at ‘Ground Zero’ appreci- ful, Canada’s Hundred Days was by and large a strategic fail- ate the continued and frequently-articulated support we ure.” Goldsworty then goes on to opine that a model adapted receive from you, our readership, and we look forward to from this experience can now be applied to any modern providing informative and thought-provoking coverage with Canadian military engagement, in order to comprehensively respect to a host of defence-related issues for a very long determine its success or failure. Concluding this section, time to come. Royal Military College professor Mourad Djebabla examines the relationship of Canadian farmers to the First World War And now, on to the current issue. Taking the point, effort. According to the author: “The problem was that it was Lieutenant-Colonel Kimberley Unterganschnigg, a senior difficult to know which duty was more pressing: stay in Canadian Forces logistician with considerable deployment Canada and work the land to produce food, or, as recruiters experience, reviews Canada’s Whole of Government (WoG) were urging men to do, join the Canadian Expeditionary Force mission experience in Afghanistan, and presents the findings and fight in Europe.” and recommendations that arose from an end-mission work- shop that was convened to determine the lessons learned and In our Views and Opinions section, former fighter pilot the best practices gleaned from the field operations mounted Brigadier-General Dave Wheeler, currently the Director of there. Next, on a technological bent, armoured officer Captain Air Staff Coordination for the Commander of the Royal Michael MacNeill offers that while traditional methods of Canadian Air Force, tables an embryonic training concept of increasing armour protection, such as add-on armour pack- operations for Canada’s future fighter aircraft, whatever that ages, have evolved over the years and certainly have merit, may be. He is followed by Major Dan Doran, a reservist com- “… such considerations should also embrace non-traditional bat engineer, who argues, “…that reservists must not only be protective measures.” MacNeill argues that any future given a clear mission, but must train in a manner that sup- Canadian expeditionary force activities should also embrace ports said mission.” Doran opines that is currently not the Active Protection Systems, which are proactive in that they case, and that “…[this] must change to prevent further attri- eliminate incoming projectiles before they can reach the tar- tion of members as a result of lack of interest.” Chief Warrant get vehicle. Officer Ralph Mercer closes this section with a review of current Non-Commissioned Member (NCM) education in the Stéphane Blouin, a Defence Scientist at Defence Research Canadian Forces, and argues: “By enriching the breadth and and Development Canada, notes that the concepts of ‘com- depth of education opportunities for NCM self-improvement, plexity’ and ‘complex systems’ have proliferated in many and, while fostering a culture that appreciates and rewards forms of literature, particularly that related to policy, econom- individual intellectual growth, the CF will mobilize its great- ics, management, and science, but they remain difficult to est asset for operational success, its people.” fundamentally understand, “… partly due to a lack of clarity with respect to definitions, concepts, and principles.” To that Finally, we offer Martin Shadwick’s latest stimulating end, the aim of his article is to introduce our readership to the and probing commentary, this time examining the potential concept of complexity itself, to include its various tools, and roles and contributions of the Canadian Forces in the upcom- its impact upon military operations. ing years, comparing today’s situation to that experienced dur- ing “… the relatively relaxed Canadian approach to security We offer a rather extensive military history section this and defence that characterized the détente