BLBK425-fm June 19, 2012 9:32 Trim: 234mm×153mm Char Count= Basic Guide to Anatomy and Physiology for Dental Care Professionals i BLBK425-fm June 19, 2012 9:32 Trim: 234mm×153mm Char Count= For Mum and Dad, Penny and Ian, and Tony and Margaret – love always. ii BLBK425-fm June 19, 2012 9:32 Trim: 234mm×153mm Char Count= BASIC GUIDE TO ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY FOR DENTAL CARE PROFESSIONALS Carole Hollins Dental Surgeon and Training Course Facilitator, Stoke-on-Trent, UK Chairman, NEBDN, Fleetwood, UK A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication iii BLBK425-fm June 19, 2012 9:32 Trim: 234mm×153mm Char Count= This edition first published 2012 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing. Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK 2121 State Avenue, Ames, Iowa 50014-8300, USA For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell. The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hollins, Carole. Basic guide to anatomy and physiology for dental care professionals / Carole Hollins. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-65611-2 (pbk. : alk. paper) I. Title. [DNLM: 1. Anatomy. 2. Physiological Phenomena. 3. Stomatognathic System–anatomy & histology. QS 4] 612–dc23 2012011413 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books. Cover image: courtesy of Carole Hollins Cover design by Workhaus Set in 10/12.5pt Sabon by Aptara R Inc., New Delhi, India 1 2012 iv BLBK425-fm June 19, 2012 9:32 Trim: 234mm×153mm Char Count= Contents How to use this book ix 1 Basic biology – overview 1 Definitions 1 Cell biology 1 Basic tissues 3 Organs and systems 11 Disease processes 12 Immunity 15 Anatomical nomenclature 17 2 Cardiovascular system 20 The heart – gross anatomy 20 The heart – microscopic anatomy 23 The cardiac cycle 23 Blood vessels – functions 25 Blood vessels – microscopic anatomy 25 Blood – composition and functions 29 CVS medical conditions 34 Blood cell disorders 36 CVS medications 37 3 Respiratory system 40 The thoracic cavity – gross anatomy 40 The respiratory system – gross anatomy 42 Upper respiratory tract – microscopic anatomy 43 Lower respiratory tract – microscopic anatomy 44 Alveoli – microscopic anatomy 44 Gaseous exchange mechanism 45 Breathing mechanism 47 Respiratory medical conditions 49 Respiratory medications 51 4 Digestive system 53 The pharynx – gross anatomy 53 The stomach – gross anatomy 57 The stomach – microscopic anatomy 57 v BLBK425-fm June 19, 2012 9:32 Trim: 234mm×153mm Char Count= vi Contents Vomiting 60 The small intestines – gross anatomy 60 The small intestines – microscopic anatomy 60 The large intestines – gross anatomy 61 The large intestines – microscopic anatomy 63 Accessory digestive organs 63 Gastrointestinal medical conditions 68 Gastrointestinal medications 73 5 Nervous system 75 Types of nerves 75 The brain and spinal cord – gross anatomy 76 The brain – microscopic anatomy 79 Information transmission by nerves 80 Nervous system medical conditions 84 Nervous system medications 86 6 Oral embryology and histology 88 Definitions 88 Overview of general embryo development 88 Oral embryology – overview 92 Developmental disturbances affecting Lip and palate 98 Developmental disturbances affecting teeth 99 Oral histology – oral mucosa 103 Histology of the taste buds and taste sensation 105 7 Skull and oral anatomy 107 Skull anatomy – overview 107 Anatomy of the cranium 107 Anatomy of the face 111 Oral anatomy 112 Muscles 123 Nerve supply to the oral cavity 130 Blood supply to the head and neck region 138 8 Tooth anatomy 142 The tooth – gross anatomy 142 The tooth – microscopic anatomy and histology 143 Dental anatomical nomenclature 148 Tooth morphology and function 149 9 Periodontal anatomy 158 Cementum – histology 158 Periodontal ligament – histology 159 Alveolar bone – histology 161 BLBK425-fm June 19, 2012 9:32 Trim: 234mm×153mm Char Count= Contents vii Gingivae – histology 163 Junctional tissues – histology 163 Periodontium and disease 165 10 Salivary glands 167 Major salivary glands – gross anatomy 167 Major salivary glands – microscopic anatomy 168 Functions of saliva 170 Disorders of the salivary glands 170 Index 175 BLBK425-bm June 6, 2012 17:55 Trim: 234mm×153mm Char Count= How to use this book This book is one of the ‘Basic Guide’ series published by Wiley-Blackwell. ‘Dental Care Professional’ (DCP) is the title given to all members of the oral health care team besides the dentist, who are involved in some way in the care and/or treatment of the patient. The title includes all of the following: • Dental nurses, including those with extended duties • Dental hygienists • Dental therapists • Clinical dental technicians Each category of registerable members has a specific role to play in assisting the patient to achieve and maintain a good standard of oral health. Without exception, however, they all need to have an adequate level of knowledge and understanding in the key areas of anatomy and physiology, in relation to dentistry and dental treatment, to be able to carry out that role. This book has been written with the aim of giving that underpinning knowl- edge to the readership, whether they are clinical dental technicians providing a set of full dentures to the patient without prescription from the dentist, or a dental nurse assisting the dentist at the chair side. The depth of knowledge required to be understood in each chapter will vary between the DCP groups, in line with their specific curricular requirements, and all readers are advised to ensure that they follow the text in line with those requirements. However, it is hoped that the text is written in such a way as to generate a thirst for further knowledge among at least some of the readership. The basics of biology are covered in the first chapter, along with information on disease processes and anatomical nomenclature. The four main body systems are then covered in the following chapters, including dentally relevant medical conditions of those systems, along with information on the types of medication that sufferers are likely to be prescribed. It is hoped that the inclusion of this information will enable readers to better understand the significance of various medical conditions and medications that patients often record in their medical histories. Before moving on to the chapters covering the specialised areas of the oral cavity that are of major interest to DCPs, a chapter is included that covers the basics of oral embryology – this is to help the readers in their understanding not only of the early development of the relevant oral structures, but also to ix BLBK425-bm June 6, 2012 17:55 Trim: 234mm×153mm Char Count= x How to use this book give an insight into how some dental conditions develop. Again, the depth of knowledge of interest to each group will vary throughout the text. The final chapters cover the anatomy of the skull, and the structure and function of teeth, the periodontium and the salivary glands. The information provided should enable the readers to better understand the fine workings of these oral structures, and the disease processes that can affect them. Overall, it is hoped that the text content provides the reader with a greater understanding of the workings of the human body in relation to oral and general health, as well as oral and general disease. The diagrams used are coloured for clarity, so that structures can be more easily visualised. BLBK425-c01 June 9, 2012 12:9 Trim: 234mm×153mm Char Count= Chapter 1 Basic biology – overview It is very important for all dental care professionals (DCPs) to have a good un- derpinning knowledge of the normal structure and function of the human body, and especially of their specialised area – the oral cavity and its surroundings. This knowledge is essential when trying to understand the subjects of human health, the processes involved in the onset of human disease and the methods available to prevent disease or to treat it when already present. DEFINITIONS The scientific discipline that deals with the life processes of living organisms is called biology, and the specific area for this text is human biology.